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. 2024 Mar 4;14:5371. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55998-3

Table 1.

Selected landmarks of craniofacial bones.

Premaxilla
1 Most anterior superior point of the premaxilla
2 Most lateral point of the premaxillary-maxillary suture
3 Tip of the frontal process of the premaxilla
4 Most medial point of the premaxillary-maxillary suture
5 Most anterior point of the anterior palatine foramen
6 Most posterior point of the premaxilla
7 Most posterior point of the incisive foramen
Maxilla
1 Anterior point of the maxilla
2 Lateral inferior intersection of the frontal and zygomatic process of the maxilla
3 Tip of the zygomatic process of the maxilla
4 Anterior-medial point to the zygomatic process of the maxilla
5 Posterior point of the maxilla
6 Posterior-lateral point of the palatine process of the maxilla
7 Posterior-medial point of the palatine process of the maxilla
8 Most anterior-medial point of the palatine process of the maxilla
9 Anterior-lateral point of the palatine process of the maxilla
10 Medial point of the premaxillary-maxillary suture
Palatine bone
1 Most anterior-lateral point of the palatine plate
2 Tip of the orbital process of the palatine bone
3 Lateral point of the palatine bone
4 Posterior point of the palatine bone
5 Posterior-medial point of the horizontal plate of the palatine bone
6 Anterior-medial point of the horizontal plate of the palatine bone
7 Anterior–superior point of the perpendicular plate
Frontal bone
1 Most anterior–superior point of the frontal bone
2 Most posterior-superior point of the frontal bone
3 Most posterior-lateral intersection of the frontal bone and parietal bone
4 Most posterior-inferior point of the frontal bone
5 Most anterior-inferior point of the frontal bone
6 Midpoint of the interfrontal suture
Mandible
1 Most anterior point of the mandible
2 Anterior–superior point of the mandible
3 Mental foramen
4 Molar alveolus of dentary
5 Anterior junction of the mandibular ramus and body
6 Superior tip of the coronary process of the mandible
7 Most inferior point of the mandibular notch
8 Anterior point of the condylar process of the mandible
9 Posterior point of the condylar process of the mandible
10 Superior point of the angular process of the mandible
11 Secondary cartilage of the angular process of the mandible
12 Inferior junction of the mandibular ramus and body
13 Midpoint of the external oblique ridge
14 Inferior point of the mandibular body
15 Mandibular foramen