Fig. 5. In vivo intracellular calcium imaging of somata, dendrites, and spines through a cranial window produced by the NIRE method.

a Time-lapse fluorescent images of intracellular Ca²⁺ elevations in the cortex of the same mouse as in Figs. 3 and 4. The acquisition times of the images in a and b are indicated by the short solid lines in c. The directions are indicated as anterior (A), posterior (P), medial (M), and lateral (L). b Time-lapse images of fluorescence intensity changes (ΔF/F) calculated from the images in a. The black circles and numbers represent the ROIs for the fluorescence intensity traces in c. c ΔF/F traces from the ROIs of b. The short solid lines indicate the time of b. Nikon Apo LWD ×25/1.10 NA water-immersion objective lens was used in a, b.