Table 2. Effects of intervention of the included studies.
| Author | Samples | Results | Outcomes | Experimental group | Control group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | ||||
| 1. Reza et al., 2018 21 | 30 subjects
Intervention Group (n = 15) Control Group (n = 15) |
There was no significant difference in mean pain score between the balancing exercises and the control group, however balance exercises enhanced self-reported knee joint instability score when compared to a control group. | VAS | 6.53±2.32 | 4.60±1.91 | 7.46±1.92 | 5.40±2.09 |
| Self-reported knee joint instability | 1.80±0.94 | 2.93±0.79 | 1.40±0.73 | 2.13±1.06 | |||
| 2. Tunay et al., 2010 20 | 60 subjects
Intervention Group (n = 30) Control Group (n = 30) |
Both hospital-based and home-based exercises decreased joint pain and functional status in people with knee OA. | VAS | 5.60±2.31 | 1.46±2.04 | 5.96±2.14 | 2.80±2.02 |
| WOMAC | 10.22±4.51 | 5.45±3.76 | 9.48±3.61 | 5.69±2.84 | |||
| System-proprioceptive test | 11.96±2.10 | 14.26±2.88 | 12.33±2.59 | 13.03±2.97 | |||
| TUG | 6.25±1.33 | 5.19±1.05 | 6.85±1.84 | 5.39±1.46 | |||
| 3. Oh et al., 2020 15 | 26 subjects
Intervention Group (n = 13) Control Group (n = 13) |
Knee joint muscle-strengthening exercise combined with visual information feedback training benefited patients with degenerative knee arthritis and improve their balance function and pain. This training technique is thought to help people with progressive knee arthritis improve their upright balance and reduce pain. | VAS | 6.9±1.8 | 4.2±1.7 | 7.0±2.0 | 4.9±1.4 |
| WOMAC | 33.3±13.7 | 15.7±8.7 | 28.5±10.6 | 22.9±8.3 | |||
| 4. UzunkulaoĞlu et al., 2020 31 | 50 subjects
Intervention Group (n = 25) Control Group (n = 25) |
Both single-task and dual-task training improve balance function in older patients with knee OA. Dual-task training does not outperform single-task training when it comes to improving balance in older people with OA. | BBS | 29.4±5.4 | 34.8±5.7 | 30.5±6.1 | 34.5±6.3 |
| KAT 2000 static score | 1528.4±474.1 | 1232.9±487.5 | 1468.1±466.6 | 1167.3±468.0 | |||
| KAT 2000 dynamic score | 2020.6±441.7 | 1567.8±455.0 | 2006.6±447.4 | 1683.8±450.0 | |||
| TUG single task | 13.7±4.4 | 11.6±4.3 | 13.2±4.3 | 11.2±4.3 | |||
| TUG dual task | 15.8±5.1 | 12.6±5.0 | 15.3±5.1 | 14.3±5.1 | |||
| 5. Kuru Çolak et al., 2017 23 | 78 Subjects
Intervention Group (n = 33) Control Group (n = 23) |
Low-intensity lower extremity exercises performed in a clinic under the supervision of a physiotherapist were found to be more effective than home-based exercises in reducing post-activity discomfort and increasing quadriceps hamstring strength. | VAS | 67.61±4.655 | 39.58±4.39 | 62.61±5.90 | 50.09±6.99 |
| 6MWT | 352±19.65 | 382±15.7 | 381±24.2 | 411±24.7 | |||
| Balance score | 80.7±1.85 | 83.3±2.6 | 82.7±4.7 | 81.6±4.2 | |||
| 6. Hussein et al., 2015 24 | 59 subjects
Intervention Group (n = 38) Control Group (n = 21) |
Adding balance training to resistive exercise improves muscular strength, functional status and knee postural control accuracy in people with knee OA. | VAS | 81.47±10.98 | 40±14.23 | 72.8±17.07 | 42.8±15.21 |
| Lequesne index | 8.79±0.41 | 6.42±0.068 | 8.71±0.46 | 6.43±0.507 | |||
| Knee proprioception | |||||||
| 10 | 24.631±45.06 | 4.578±8.416 | 35.714±30.71 | 17.14±15.21 | |||
| 30 | 14.379±14.541 | 4.38±5.476 | 25.71±12.345 | 8.57±12.089 | |||
| 60 | 11.896±8.738 | 4.729±4.811 | 7.85±11.056 | 1.237±2.376 | |||
| 7. Hiyama et al., 2012 32 | 40 subjects
Intervention Group (n = 20) Control Group (n = 20) |
According to the findings of this study, walking exercise improves dual task performance and executive function in patients with knee OA. | TUG | 12.9±2.0 | 12.0±1.5 | 13.0±2.1 | 13.0±2.2 |
| Tandem gait | 12.9±1.8 | 11.8±1.4 | 13.4±1.7 | 13.3±12 | |||
| TMT | 63.4±43.1 | 48.3±29.6 | 58.1±37.6 | 60.3±30.7 | |||
| 8. Jan et al., 2008 41 | 49 subjects
Intervention Group (n = 24) Control Group (n = 25) |
TMFSE in sitting appears to be an alternative for exercise in people with mild to moderate knee OA. This may be a particularly enticing option for folks who feel pain when conducting weight-bearing exercises. | Ground level walking | 44.1±2.9 | 38.6±2.5 | 41.7±3.1 | 42.3±2.6 |
| Stairs | 34.2±2.1 | 26.5±2.3 | 32.2±2.3 | 33.1±3.4 | |||
| Figure-of-eight | 51.3± 6.7 | 29.1±3.6 | 38.4±3.8 | 39.8±4.8 | |||
| 9. Cho et al., 2015 18 | 46 subjects
Intervention Group (n = 23) Control Group (n = 23) |
These findings imply that applying sufficient stress to the quadriceps successfully reduces various forms of pain while improving AROM and proprioception in OA patients. As a result, KT may be a useful intervention in clinics for relieving pain, improving AROM, and improving proprioception. | VAS | 67.2±9.1 | 50.0±7.7 | 68.4±7.1 | 67.2±7.2 |
| Proprioception | |||||||
| 15 | 10.3±3.72 | 3.3±1.06 | 10.2±3.42 | 9.4±3.29 | |||
| 30 | 11.9±4.62 | 3.2±1.97 | 11.9±4.73 | 11.3±3.98 | |||
| 45 | 14.5±3.50 | 3.2±1.37 | 14.4±7.24 | 13.9±5.50 | |||
| 10. Xiao et al., 2020 14 | 98 subjects
Intervention Group (n = 40) Control Group (n = 45) |
WQXQ and regular physical therapy exercise routines were both significantly beneficial in reducing activity limits and pain while also enhancing balance and muscle power. WQXQ was proven to be more effective than typical physical therapy exercise in improving balance and lowering pain in those with knee OA. | WOMAC | 28.9±11.7 | 20.7±8.7 | 27.4±10.9 | 18.8±7.4 |
| TUG | 9.2±2.2 | 7.7±2.7 | 9.9±2.9 | 7.9±2.2 | |||
| 6MWT | 359.3±62.7 | 405.2±68.9 | 361.8±66.9 | 411.2±67.6 | |||
| BBS | 39.9±6.4 | 45.5±5.6 | 40.8±6.4 | 43.7±5.4 | |||
| 11. Xiao et al., 2021 13 | 284 subjects
Intervention Group (n = 134) Control Group (n = 134) |
Wuqinix exercises can improve balance and subjective quality of life in older female patients with knee OA. The therapy significantly improves the clinical symptoms of older female knee OA patients. | WOMAC | 98.45±36.01 | 75.7±20.19 | 97.95±25.61 | 94.25±27.73 |
| Static posture stability | 1.75±0.43 | 1.44±0.18 | 1.69±0.63 | 1.63±0.16 | |||
| 12. Kelley Fitzgerald et al., 2011 42 | 183 subjects
Intervention Group (n = 91) Control Group (n = 92 |
Both intervention groups improved in terms of self-reported function and overall change evaluation. The data, however, did not show an additive effect of agility and perturbation training in conjunction with normal exercise treatment. | WOMAC | 19.5±12.3 | 20.3±2.1 | 19.9±11.9 | 19.9±1.9 |
| NPR | 4.7±2.6 | 3.6±0.3 | 4.4±2.4 | 3.5±0.35 | |||
| Get up and Go test | 9.6±2.1 | 9.1±0.3 | 9.6±2.3 | 8.8±0.2 | |||
| 13. Gomiero et al., 2017 11 | 64 subjects
Intervention Group (n = 32) Control Group (n = 32) |
In individuals with knee OA, resistance training and sensory motor training for the lower limbs appeared to have equivalent advantages on pain and function. | VAS | 6.3±0.41 | 4.6±0.38 | 6.7±0.45 | 4.1±0.47 |
| TUG | 9.1±0.59 | 7.9±0.21 | 10.5±0.755 | 8.7±0.505 | |||
| Tinetti | 24.3±0.83 | 26.0±0.41 | 24.1±1.06 | 26.5±0.38 | |||
| WOMAC | 36.3±3.58 | 30.6±3.175 | 37.8±3.03 | 29.0±2.86 | |||
| 14. Ojoawo et al., 2016 27 | 45 subjects
Group A (n = 23) Group B (n = 22) |
Both exercises are helpful, however proprioceptive activities may be more useful than isometric exercises in the treatment of knee OA | Pain | 10.71±3.04 | 3.71±3.40 | 9.00±3.46 | 6.50±3.83 |
| WOMAC | 23.71±10.37 | 10.14±11.48 | 23.67±8.33 | 17.67±8.66 | |||
| 15. Jahanjoo et al., 2019 17 | 60 subjects
Experimental Group (n = 30) Control Group (n = 30 |
In those with knee OA, a combination of balance training and physical therapy resulted in greater pain relief and functional capacity development. | VAS | 7.30±0.20 | 3.43±0.23 | 6.77±0.24 | 3.83±0.21 |
| WOMAC | 31.40±1.30 | 22.07±1.29 | 29.10±1.23 | 21.17±1.24 | |||
| TUG | 10.05±0.32 | 7.61±0.30 | 10.92±0.32 | 9.54±0.30 | |||
| Fall risk | 3.83±0.28 | 1.90±0.27 | 4.20±0.34 | 3.79±0.25 | |||
| 16. Chen et al., 2021 19 | 32 subjects
Experimental Group (n = 16) Control Group (n = 16) |
In KOA patients, BW is an effective adjunct to normal treatment for reducing pain, improving physical function, and improving static stability. It should be taken into account while developing rehabilitation programmes for people with KOA. | Sway length | 594.75±205.13 | 384.75±106.99 | 475.44±156.72 | 383.25±171.88 |
| Sway area | 949.56±552.99 | 610.50±464.26 | 629.00±471.67 | 538.69±420.52 | |||
| Proprioception | |||||||
| Left | 34.63±13.20 | 29.75±8.07 | 34.06±10.97 | 27.06±6.64 | |||
| Right | 36.25±11.58 | 28.19±7.90 | 34.19±14.03 | 23.88±9.39 | |||
| Pain NRS | 3.69±0.79 | 1.56±0.63 | 3.63±0.96 | 2.25±0.80 | |||
| WOMAC function | 14.63±3.56 | 8.19±1.87 | 15.00±3.31 | 12.13±3.20 | |||
VAS, Visual Analog Scale; OA, osteoarthritis; WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index; TUG, The Timed Up and Go; BBS, Berg Balance Scale; KAT, Kinesthetic ability trainer; 6MWT, Six-minute walk test; TMT, trail making test; TMFSE, target-matching foot-stepping exercise; AROM, Active range of motion; KT, Kinesio taping; WQXQ, Wu Qin xi Qigong; NPR, numerical pain rating; KOA, knee osteoarthritis; NRS, Numerical pain rating scale; BW, body weight.