Table 2.
Demographic and clinical outcomes characteristics of the patients stratified by CPR to ECPR time (LFT)
| Variables and outcomes | Total (n = 48) |
CPR to ECRP; (LFT) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
≤ 36 min
(n = 24) |
> 36 min
(n = 24) |
||||
| Age, (years) # | (Mean ± SD) | 41.88 ± 11.5 | 43.08 ± 12.55 | 40.67 ± 10.48 | 0.473 |
| Gender, n (%) † | Male | 36 (75) | 16 (66.7) | 20 (83.3) | 0.159 |
| Female | 12 (25) | 8 (33.3) | 4 (16.7) | ||
| Nationality, n (%) † | Middle-East/Africa | 18 (37.5) | 9 (37.5) | 9 (37.5) | 0.999 |
| Asian/South Asian | 30 (62.5) | 15 (62.5) | 15 (62.5) | ||
| Body Mass Index # | (Mean ± SD) | 26.52 ± 5.23 | 24.85 ± 3.98 | 28.19 ± 5.86 | 0.026* |
| Severity of disease, | SOFA score | 12.21 ± 3.74 | 12.04 ± 3.22 | 12.38 ± 4.26 | 0.761 |
| (Mean ± SD) # | APACHE II score | 29.44 ± 7.62 | 29.17 ± 8.24 | 29.71 ± 7.12 | 0.809 |
| Comorbidities † | yes (%) | 19 (39.6) | 9 (37.5) | 10 (41.7) | 0.768 |
| Types of comorbidities † | Prior Ischemic heart disease | 6 (12.5) | 2 (8.3) | 4 (16.7) | 0.333 |
| Dyslipidemia | 3 (6.3) | 2 (8.3) | 1 (4.2) | 0.989 | |
| Diabetes | 10 (20.8) | 4 (16.7) | 6 (25) | 0.362 | |
| Hypertension | 7 (14.6) | 5 (20.8) | 2 (8.3) | 0.208 | |
| Congestive heart failure | 1 (2.1) | 0 | 1 (4.2) | 0.877 | |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 3 (6.3) | 2 (8.3) | 1 (4.2) | 0.896 | |
| Cardiac arrest location † | In hospital (IHCA) | 11 (22.9) | 7 (29.2) | 4 (16.7) | 0.247 |
| Out-of-hospital (OHCA) | 37 (77.1) | 17 (70.8) | 20 (83.3) | ||
| Bystander-witnessed † | yes (%) | 45 (93.8) | 22 (91.7) | 23 (95.8) | 0.551 |
| Bystander CPR † | yes (%) | 47 (97.9) | 23 (95.8) | 24 (100) | 0.312 |
| Initial shockable rhythm † | yes (%) | 16 (33.3) | 11 (45.8) | 5 (20.8) | 0.066 |
| Collapse-to-CPR (NF time) # | (Mean ± SD) | 6.31 ± 3.37 | 5.96 ± 3.74 | 6.67 ± 2.98 | 0.473 |
| Duration of CPR † | < 30 min (%) | 16 (33.3) | 13 (54.2) | 3 (12.5) | 0.002* |
| > 30 min (%) | 32 (66.7) | 11 (45.8) | 21 (87.5) | ||
| CPR duration (min) # | (Mean ± SD) | 45.08 ± 31.61 | 32.42 ± 33.54 | 57.75 ± 24.13 | 0.004* |
| Collapse-to-ECPR # | (Mean ± SD) | 45.81 ± 20.25 | 30.54 ± 10.33 | 61.08 ± 15.60 | < 0.001* |
| Type of ECMO † | Venovenous (VV) | 4 (8.3) | 3 (12.5) | 1 (4.2) | 0.609 |
| Venoarterial (VA) | 44 (91.7) | 21 (87.5) | 23 (95.8) | ||
| ECPR location † | Emergency department (ED) | 33 (68.8) | 14 (58.3) | 19 (79.2) | 0.106 |
| Intensive Care Unit (ICU) | 15 (31.3) | 10 (41.7) | 5 (20.8) | ||
| Cause of cardiac arrest † | Ischemic heart disease | 21 (43.8) | 9 (37.5) | 12 (50) | 0.319 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 6 (12.5) | 2 (8.3) | 4 (16.7) | ||
| Others | 21 (43.8) | 13 (54.2) | 8 (33.3) | ||
| ECMO length of stay ‡ | Median (IQR) | 1.5 (1–4) | 3 (1-5.75) | 1 (1-2.75) | 0.079 |
| ICU length of stay ‡ | Median (IQR) | 3 (1-9.75) | 6 (1-14.25) | 1.5 (1-6.75) | 0.199 |
| Hospital length of stay ‡ | Median (IQR) | 4 (1–12) | 6 (1-25.75) | 1.5 (1-8.75) | 0.157 |
| 28-day disability status † | No disability survivors | 5 (10.4) | 3 (12.5) | 2 (8.3) | 0.807 |
| Disability survivors | 9 (18.8) | 5 (20.8) | 4 (16.7) | ||
| Non-survivors | 34 (70.8) | 16 (66.7) | 18 (75) | ||
| 28-day neurological status† | Good recovery survivors | 9 (18.8) | 5 (20.8) | 4 (16.7) | 0.807 |
| Poor recovery survivors | 5 (10.4) | 3 (12.5) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| Non-survivors | 34 (70.8) | 16 (66.7) | 18 (75) | ||
| ECMO Survival † | yes (%) | 17 (35.4) | 11 (45.8) | 6 (25) | 0.131 |
| 24-h Survival † | yes (%) | 31 (64.6) | 16 (66.7) | 15 (62.5) | 0.763 |
| 28-day Survival † | yes (%) | 14 (29.2) | 8 (33.3) | 6 (25) | 0.525 |
* P < 0.05 considered as significantly, # t-test, † Chi-square test or Fisher exact test, ‡ Mann-Whitney test, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II), Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), Low flow time (LFT).