Table 1.
Baseline characteristic of the enrolled participants according to different lifestyle categories
| Total N = 7000 |
Unfavorable lifestyle N = 818 |
Intermediate lifestyle N = 5308 |
Favorable lifestyle N = 874 |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 58.43 ± 8.80 | 58.87 ± 8.27 | 58.79 ± 8.90 | 55.85 ± 8.16 | < 0.001 |
| Male sex | 3247 (46.39%) | 511 (62.47%) | 2484 (46.80%) | 252 (28.83%) | < 0.001 |
| Educationa | < 0.001 | ||||
| Primary school and below | 5647 (70.47%) | 518 (63.33%) | 3700 (69.72%) | 641 (73.34%) | |
| Junior high school | 1592 (19.87%) | 200 (24.45%) | 1087 (20.48%) | 141 (16.13%) | |
| High school and above | 774 (9.66%) | 100 (12.22%) | 520 (9.80%) | 92 (10.53%) | |
| Residence | < 0.001 | ||||
| Rural | 4662 (66.60%) | 467 (57.09%) | 3580 (67.45%) | 615 (70.37%) | |
| Urban | 2338 (33.40%) | 351 (42.91%) | 1728 (32.55%) | 259 (29.63%) | |
| Per capita household annual incomea, RMB | 5513.33 (1899.38–13,500.00) | 6867.67 (2333.33–15,333.33) | 5245.71 (1815.83–13,265.00) | 5920.00 (2056.25–13,500.00) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | 2678 (38.26%) | 540 (66.01%) | 2020 (38.06%) | 118 (13.50%) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | < 0.001 | ||||
| Drink more than once a month | 1829 (26.13%) | 296 (36.19%) | 1377 (25.94%) | 156 (17.85%) | |
| Drink less than once a month | 575 (8.21%) | 62 (7.58%) | 440 (8.29%) | 73 (8.35%) | |
| Never drink | 4596 (65.66%) | 460 (56.23%) | 3491 (65.77%) | 645 (73.80%) | |
| Physical activity | 2016 (28.80%) | 33 (4.03%) | 1389 (26.17%) | 594 (67.96%) | < 0.001 |
| Nighttime sleep durationa | 6.39 ± 1.89 | 6.40 ± 1.86 | 6.39 ± 1.90 | 6.39 ± 1.85 | 0.892 |
| Solid fuel use for cookinga | 4012 (57.75%) | 407 (50.12%) | 3095 (58.73%) | 510 (58.96%) | < 0.001 |
| CES-D scorea | 8.04 ± 6.12 | 7.11 ± 5.82 | 8.04 ± 6.09 | 8.95 ± 6.42 | < 0.001 |
| BMIa, kg/m2 | 23.49 ± 3.81 | 26.48 ± 3.82 | 23.32 ± 3.73 | 21.75 ± 2.59 | < 0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 128.32 ± 20.84 | 141.60 ± 18.29 | 128.96 ± 20.50 | 112.01 ± 13.37 | < 0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 74.98 ± 12.00 | 82.53 ± 11.12 | 75.22 ± 11.65 | 66.40 ± 9.35 | < 0.001 |
| TC, mg/dL | 194.01 ± 38.40 | 226.35 ± 40.33 | 192.59 ± 36.77 | 172.39 ± 24.96 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 104.43 (74.34–152.22) | 147.79 (102.66–230.10) | 103.55 (74.34–148.68) | 83.19 (62.84–114.17) | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 116.76 ± 34.53 | 137.77 ± 40.05 | 115.98 ± 33.73 | 101.93 ± 22.56 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 51.48 ± 15.32 | 47.31 ± 15.78 | 51.80 ± 15.40 | 53.46 ± 13.60 | < 0.001 |
| Blood glucose, mg/dL | 109.64 ± 34.94 | 128.59 ± 47.92 | 109.27 ± 33.61 | 94.16 ± 13.87 | < 0.001 |
| Hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.98 (0.53–2.02) | 1.46 (0.77–2.88) | 0.97 (0.54–1.99) | 0.67 (0.41–1.31) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic lung diseasea | 595 (8.51%) | 68 (8.31%) | 463 (8.73%) | 64 (7.33%) | 0.449 |
| Lipids lowering therapy | 243 (3.47%) | 60 (7.33%) | 166 (3.13%) | 17 (1.95%) | < 0.001 |
| Ambient air pollutants | |||||
| PM1, μg/m3 | 39.97 ± 13.80 | 42.01 ± 13.64 | 39.87 ± 13.82 | 38.69 ± 13.64 | < 0.001 |
| PM10, μg/m3 | 93.44 ± 28.05 | 97.49 ± 27.98 | 93.32 ± 27.99 | 90.33 ± 28.05 | < 0.001 |
| PM2.5, μg/m3 | 52.61 ± 15.86 | 54.57 ± 15.61 | 52.61 ± 15.82 | 50.84 ± 16.08 | < 0.001 |
| NO2, μg/m3 | 29.23 ± 10.79 | 31.15 ± 10.74 | 29.20 ± 10.76 | 27.57 ± 10.74 | < 0.001 |
| O3, μg/m3 | 95.33 ± 6.49 | 95.77 ± 7.05 | 95.26 ± 6.46 | 95.30 ± 6.11 | 0.145 |
Data are shown as means ± standard deviations or numbers (percentages)
Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, CES-D Center for epidemiologic studies-depression, CVD Cardiovascular disease, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NO2 Nitrogen dioxide, O3 Ozone, PM1 Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 1 μm, PM2.5 Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm, PM10 Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm, SBP Systolic blood pressure, TC Total cholesterol
aMissing data: 11 for BMI, one for education, 764 for income, six for chronic lung disease, 56 for nighttime sleep duration, 444 for CES-D score, and 65 for solid fuel use