Table 4.

Within group comparisons for each group before and after the intervention

Variable	Before or after intervention	EG(n = 78)Mean (SD)	t	P	CG(n = 76)Mean (SD)	t	P
CD-RISC	Before	49.15 (8.85)	-6.968	0.000***	49.99 ( 9.20)	0.365	0.716
	After	54.96 (10.39)			49.87 (9.36)
Toughness	Before	26.14 (4.86)	-4.632	0.000***	26.91 (5.34)	-1.203	0.233
	After	28.63 (6.22)			27.12 (5.88)
Strength	Before	14.91 (4.07)	-5.496	0.000***	14.88 (4.17)	0.428	0.670
	After	17.00 (4.48)			14.80 (3.74)
Optimism	Before	8.10 ± 2.38)	-4.579	0.000***	8.20 (2.50)	1.530	0.130
	After	9.33 (2.84)			7.95 (2.32)
ISMI	Before	66.17 (9.41)	5.257	0.000***	66.95 (10.42)	-0.076	0.940
	After	60.38 (10.19)			66.97 (10.60)
Alienation	Before	15.26 (3.12)	2.756	0.007**	14.70 (3.97)	0.267	0.790
	After	14.23 (3.47)			14.66 (4.03)
Stereotype Endorsement	Before	14.51 (3.60)	3.161	0.002**	14.34 (4.06)	-1.052	0.296
	After	13.26 (3.54)			14.51 (3.85)
Perceived Discrimination	Before	9.03 (2.11)	5.752	0.000***	9.61 (2.57)	-1.849	0.068
	After	7.81 (1.91)			9.78 (2.57)
Social Withdrawal	Before	13.91 (3.79)	2.509	0.014*	14.97 (3.50)	1.806	0.075
	After	12.91 (3.76)			14.77 (3.28)
Stigma Resistance	Before	13.46 (3.19)	3.433	0.001**		0.652	0.940
	After	12.18 (3.26)			13.25 (3.27)
RSES	Before	22.51 (4.02)	-6.873	0.000***	22.67 (4.31)	-0.806	0.423
	After	26.18 (4.06)			22.91 (4.07)

CD-RISC = Condor-Davidson Resilience Scale, ISMI = Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale, RSES = Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. EG = the experimental group, CG = the control group. SD = standard deviation. t = independent t-test. ^* Statistically significant p-value at ≤ 0.05, ^** Statistically significant p-value at ≤ 0.01, ^*** Statistically significant p-value at ≤ 0.001