. 2024 Mar 5;22:91. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02371-1

Table 3.

The list of different nanoparticle (NP)s used in different plant species under Pb and Cr toxicity

Heavy metal	NP	NP concentration	Plant species	Details	Ref
Pb	ZV-Fe	1 ~ 3 mg/kg	Triticum aestivum, Acer velutinum	Enhanced the growth, yield, and activity of CAT, SOD, urease, and acid phosphatase, declined Pb uptake, MDA, H₂O₂, and EL	[147, 149]
	Ag	10 ~ 50 mg L	Vigna radiate	Improved growth, biomass, yield, photosynthetic rate, total Chl, water use efficiency, activity of antioxidant enzymes, ionic homeostasis, Decreased Pb uptake, MDA, and ROS content	[150]
	ZV-Ag	0.2 mg/kg	Moringa oleifera	Increased growth, germination rate, total flavonoid and phenolic contents, RWC, and photosynthetic pigments, Diminished oxidative stress, and Pb uptake	[232]
	ZnO	5 ~ 50 mg L	Persicaria hydropiper, Solanum lycopersicum, Basella alba, Triticum aestivum	Increased growth, germination rate, seedling vigor index, proline, RWC, photosynthetic pigments, phenolics, flavonoids, activation of PAL and antioxidant enzymes, Pb accumulation and translocation	[151, 157, 159, 233]
	SiO₂	50 ~ 1000 mg/L	Triticum aestivum, Coriandrum sativum, Ocimum basilicum, Pleioblastus pygmaeus	Improved growth, proline, phenol, antioxidant capacity, and activity of PAL and antioxidant enzymes, Reduced Pb uptake in root and shoot, Downregulated polyphenol oxidase activity	[153–155, 234]
	MgO	5 ~ 20 mg/L	Raphanus sativus, Daucus carota	Increased plant growth, phenolic and flavonoid contents, mineral nutrients, terpenoid, total polyamine content, free radical scavenging activity, and Pb phytoaccumulation, Declined Pb translocation, MDA, and ROS	[156, 157]
	Fe₃O₄	200 mg/L	Basella alba, Coriandrum sativum, Ricinus communis	Increased seed germination, proline content, nutritional balance, activity of SOD, CAT, and POD, Decreased Pb accumulation and ROS content	[151, 213, 235]
	TiO₂	5 mg/L	Lactuca sativa	Improve growth and gas exchange parameters, Declined Pb uptake, MDA, and ROS	[158]
Cr	ZnO	50 ~ 100 mg/L	Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum,	Enhanced growth, photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient uptake, NO content, activity, and expression of antioxidative enzymes, and AsA-GSH cycle, Reduced Cr uptake, MDA, and ROS content	[197, 198]
	SiO₂	10 µM	Pisum sativum, Triticum aestivum, Oryza sativa	Improve growth, Chl fluorescence, endogenous NO, photosynthetic pigments, and activity of antioxidant enzymes, decreased Cr uptake, and ROS, induced cell cycle at G2/M phase	[185, 187, 188]
	CeO₂	25–50 mg/L	Helianthus annuus	Improved growth, biomass production, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange parameters, activities of antioxidative enzymes, Reduced oxidative stress, MDA, EL, and Cr uptake	[186]
	Fe₃O₄	10–20 mg/L	Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum	Enhanced growth, biomass, yield, photosynthetic activity, micronutrients, gas exchange attributes, and activities of antioxidant enzymes, Reduced oxidative damage, MDA, EL, and the uptake and accumulation of Cr	[189, 190]
	ZV-Fe	5-100 mg/L	Catharanthus roseus, Cosmos bipinnatus, Gomphrena globose, Impatiens balsamina, Solanum lycoperscium, Helianthus annuus	Augmented plants’ potential for Cr accumulation without negatively hampering plant growth, Improved germination, hypocotyl and root length, photosynthetic pigments	[183, 236, 237]
	TiO₂	2.5 mg/L	Abelmoschus esculentus, Helianthus annuus	Increased yield, fruit length, height, Chl content, activity of antioxidant enzymes, Reduced Cr accumulation in fruit, root, and stem	[193, 238]
	Cu	25–50 mg/kg	Triticum aestivum	Improved growth, biomass, Cr- immobilization in soil, activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline, total phenolics, Declined Cr accumulation in shoot and root, MDA, and H₂O₂	[184]