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. 2024 Mar 5;25(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s10194-024-01714-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Chemogenetic modulation of noradrenergic neuron activity in the LC significantly influences the impact of acute pain on sleep architecture (n=6). A Schematic representation of the timeline depicting the acute administration of NTG and the utilization of chemogenetic techniques, leading to modifications in sleep architecture. B A representative image illustrating simultaneous recordings of EEG, EMG, and neuronal activity (Ne2h) in a DBH-Cre mouse highlights the significant influence of CNO on AAV-DIO-hM4Di-mCherry noradrenergic neurons, revealing its impact on the modulation of sleep architecture in response to acute pain. C and D Statistical trends of the effects of the activation of noradrenergic neurons on sleep architecture in response to acute pain. E and F Statistical trends of the effects of the inhibition of noradrenergic neurons on sleep architecture in response to acute pain. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures for multiple comparisons. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. (C: Base vs. NTG P < 0.001, vs. CNO P < 0.001, vs. CNO+NTG P < 0.001; NTG vs. CNO P = 0.944, vs. CNO+NTG P = 0.022; CNO vs. CNO+NTG P = 0.069. D: Base vs. NTG P < 0.001, vs. CNO P < 0.001, vs. CNO+NTG P < 0.001; NTG vs. CNO P = 0.264, vs. CNO+NTG P = 0.025; CNO vs. CNO+NTG P = 0.587. E: Base vs. NTG P = 0.003, vs. CNO P = 0.839, vs. CNO+NTG P = 0.529; NTG vs. CNO P < 0.001, vs. CNO+NTG P = 0.037; CNO vs. CNO+NTG P = 0.173. F: Base vs. NTG P = 0.002, vs. CNO P = 0.021, vs. CNO+NTG P = 0.002; NTG vs. CNO P = 0.551, vs. CNO+NTG P = 0.998; CNO vs. CNO+NTG P = 0.459)