Table 2.
Distribution of components of metabolic syndrome and dietary intake based on cohort periods
| Characteristics | n (%) N = 1,376 |
Cohort Periods (in year) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (2011/2012) | p-value (year 2 vs. 0) |
2 (2013/2014) | p-value (year 4 vs. 2) |
4 (2015/2016) | p-value (year 6 vs. 4) |
6 (2017/2018) | |
| Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence | |||||||
| Yes | 0 (0) | < 0.001* | 244 (17.7) | < 0.001* | 292 (21.2) | < 0.001* | 394 (28.6) |
| No | 1,376 (100) | 1,132 (82.3) | 1,084 (78.8) | 982 (71.4) | |||
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 76.6 ± 10.0 (50–115) | < 0.001** | 79. 8 ± 10.1 (49–120) | < 0.001** | 82.3 ± 9.8 (56–121) | < 0.001** | 83.6 ± 10.0 (54–127) |
| Abdominal Obesity | |||||||
| Yes | 396 (28.8) | < 0.001* | 509 (37.0) | < 0.001* | 659 (47.9) | < 0.001* | 709 (51.5) |
| No | 980 (71.2) | 867 (63.0) | 717 (52.1) | 667 (48.5) | |||
| Triglycerides Level (mg/dL)c | 92.9 ± 45.6 (30–787) | < 0.001** | 101.8 ± 63.3 (30–1305) | 0.544** | 102.0 ± 57.2 (32–1114) | < 0.001** | 112.9 ± 65.59 (32.45–894) |
| Normal | 1,270 (92.3) | < 0.001* | 1,220 (88.7) | 0.243* | 1,205 (87.6) | < 0.001* | 1,125 (81.8) |
| High | 106 (7.7) | 156 (11.3) | 171 (12.4) | 251 (18.2) | |||
| HDL Level (mg/dL)c | 51.5 ± 10.8 (24–98) | 0.446** | 51.6 ± 11.7 (26–173) | < 0.001** | 53.0 ± 10.9 (22–96) | < 0.001** | 50.6 ± 11.1 (26–101.5) |
| Normal | 961 (69.8) | 0.085* | 931 (67.7) | < 0.001* | 1,025 (74.5) | < 0.001* | 876 (63.7) |
| Low | 415 (30.2) | 445 (32.3) | 351 (25.5) | 500 (36.3) | |||
| Fasting Blood Glucose Level (mg/dL)c | 83.3 ± 9.2 (56–134) | < 0.001** | 86.3 ± 10.6 (58–151) | < 0.001** | 87.6 ± 9.3 (63–202) | < 0.001** | 97.6 ± 18.4 (59–349) |
| Normal | 1,371 (99.6) | 0.763* | 1,370 (99.6) | 0.782* | 1,369 (99.5) | < 0.001* | 1,311 (95.3) |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 5 (0.4) | 6 (0.4) | 7 (0.5) | 65 (4.7) | |||
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)c | 115.2 ± 12.1 (81–163) | 0.143** | 115.7 ± 12.4 (86–188) | 0.009** | 116.4 ± 12.7 (84–185) | < 0.001** | 120.5 ± 13.8 (83–186) |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)c | 74.1 ± 8.5 (45–103) | < 0.001** | 92.5 ± 10.2 (64–142) | < 0.001** | 75.2 ± 8.6 (53–103) | < 0.001** | 79.2 ± 9.1 (51–121) |
| Hypertensiond | |||||||
| Yes | 211 (15.3) | < 0.001* | 1,075 (78.1) | < 0.001* | 280 (20.3) | < 0.001* | 456 (33.1) |
| No | 1,165 (84.7) | 301 (21.9) | 1,096 (79.7) | 920 (66.9) | |||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | |||||||
| Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 116 (8.4) | < 0.001*** | 104 (7.6) | 0.001*** | 100 (7.3) | < 0.001*** | 86 (6.3) |
| Normal (18.5–22.9 kg/m2) | 545 (39.6) | 496 (36.0) | 460 (33.4) | 423 (30.7) | |||
| Overweight (23–24.9 kg/m2) | 257 (18.7) | 251 (18.2) | 265 (19.3) | 249 (18.1) | |||
| Obese (≥ 25.0 kg/m2) | 458 (33.3) | 525 (38.2) | 551 (40.0) | 618 (44.9) | |||
| Dietary Intakec | |||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1721.8 ± 646.7 (185.6–6352.5) | 0.992** | 1717.3 ± 629.8 (248.5–4838.0) | < 0.001** | 1891.8 ± 694.7 (36.0–5537.7) | < 0.001** | 2036.3 ± 784.8 (248.8–5733.1) |
| Carbohydrate (gr) | 259.0 ± 102.5 (40.7–1097.3) | 0.001** | 247.0 ± 94.9 (36.6–839.4) | < 0.001** | 263.7 ± 102.0 (7.45–814.4) | < 0.001** | 154.8 ± 133.2 (10.22–619.2) |
| Protein (gr) | 57.0 ± 23.2 (3.0–186.3) | 0.091** | 55.6 ± 23.0 (4.1–265.8) | < 0.001** | 61.7 ± 27.8 (0.8–417.7) | < 0.001** | 180.9 ± 129.5 (15.3–788.1) |
| Fat (gr) | 52.4 ± 27.3 (0.9–182.9) | < 0.001** | 58.4 ± 33.1 (1.5–400.0) | < 0.001** | 70.3 ± 34.8 (0.23–295.0) | < 0.001** | 80.5 ± 38.7 (7.7–278.76) |
| Sodium (mg) | 1652.8 ± 1605.6 (13.9–15135.5) | 0.153** | 1508.5 ± 1021.4 (66.5–8264.5) | < 0.001** | 1862.2 ± 2851.0 (1.1–77877.3) | < 0.001** | 2306.8 ± 1317.1 (173.6–8473.2) |
*McNemar Test
**Wilcoxon mean-rank Test
***Friedman Test
c Presented in mean ± SD (min-max)
d Based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurement, not based on clinical diagnosis of hypertension