Table 2.
Patient and surgical characteristics in the single-arm trial and contemporaneous comparison group
| Contemporaneous comparison N = 15,796 |
Trial N = 457 |
Standardized mean difference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 64.0 [54.0, 72.0] | 65.0 [56.0, 72.0] | 0.107 |
| Male Sexa | 8838 (56.0) | 237 (51.9) | 0.083 |
| Race | 0.172 | ||
| White | 12192 (77.2) | 377 (82.5) | |
| Black | 1417 (9.0) | 37 (8.1) | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 698 (4.4) | 18 (3.9) | |
| Other | 131 (0.8) | 4 (0.9) | |
| Unknown | 1358 (8.6) | 21 (4.6) | |
| Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | 314 (2.0) | 6 (1.3) | 0.053 |
| ASA Physical Status Class IV | 2186 (13.8) | 40 (8.8) | 0.161 |
| Vanwalraven Elixhauser Comorbidity Index | 11.0 [4.0, 19.0] | 11.0 [3.0, 17.0] | 0.094 |
| AIDS/HIVb | 47 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0.017 |
| Alcohol abuseb | 294 (1.9) | 4 (0.9) | 0.085 |
| Blood loss anemiab | 378 (2.4) | 7 (1.5) | 0.063 |
| Cardiac arrhythmiasb | 5451 (34.5) | 108 (23.6) | 0.244 |
| Chronic pulmonary diseaseb | 3606 (22.8) | 87 (19.0) | 0.095 |
| Congestive heart failurec | 1744 (11.0) | 33 (7.2) | 0.134 |
| Coagulopathyd | 1900 (12.0) | 32 (7.0) | 0.173 |
| Deficiency anemiad | 689 (4.4) | 15 (3.3) | 0.058 |
| Depressiond | 2964 (18.8) | 86 (18.8) | 0.010 |
| Diabetes complicatedc | 1382 (8.7) | 36 (7.9) | 0.033 |
| Diabetes uncomplicatedc | 2703 (17.1) | 89 (19.5) | 0.061 |
| Drug abused | 727 (4.6) | 11 (2.4) | 0.120 |
| Fluid electrolyte disordersd | 4978 (31.5) | 116 (25.4) | 0.138 |
| Hypertension, complicatedd | 3008 (19.0) | 74 (16.2) | 0.077 |
| Hypertension, uncomplicatedd | 8132 (51.5) | 242 (53.0) | 0.030 |
| Hypothyroidismd | 2388 (15.1) | 66 (14.4) | 0.022 |
| Liver diseased | 1696 (10.7) | 65 (14.2) | 0.106 |
| Lymphomad | 225 (1.4) | 8 (1.8) | 0.028 |
| Metastatic cancerd | 3183 (20.2) | 121 (26.5) | 0.150 |
| Obesityd | 3631 (23.0) | 117 (25.6) | 0.061 |
| Other neurologic disordersd | 1953 (12.4) | 24 (5.3) | 0.254 |
| Paralysisd | 602 (3.8) | 7 (1.5) | 0.142 |
| Peptic ulcer disease excluding bleedingd | 258 (1.6) | 7 (1.5) | 0.013 |
| Peripheral vascular disordersd | 2709 (17.1) | 58 (12.7) | 0.127 |
| Psychosesd | 165 (1.0) | 4 (0.9) | 0.020 |
| Pulmonary circulation disordersd | 959 (6.1) | 17 (3.7) | 0.110 |
| Renal failured | 2777 (17.6) | 71 (15.5) | 0.057 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseasesd | 654 (4.1) | 15 (3.3) | 0.047 |
| Solid tumor without metastasisd | 6578 (41.6) | 209 (45.7) | 0.083 |
| Valvular diseased | 1284 (8.1) | 18 (3.9) | 0.178 |
| Weight lossd | 2291 (14.5) | 58 (12.7) | 0.055 |
| Procedure started in afternoond | 5204 (32.9) | 133 (29.1) | 0.105 |
| Procedural service | 0.856 | ||
| General | 1971 (12.5) | 124 (27.1) | |
| Orthopedics | 1955 (12.4) | 61 (13.3) | |
| Urology | 1136 (7.2) | 56 (12.3) | |
| Neurosurgery | 4168 (26.4) | 47 (10.3) | |
| Vascular | 1483 (9.4) | 33 (7.2) | |
| Transplant | 877 (5.6) | 23 (5.0) | |
| Otolaryngology | 1129 (7.1) | 17 (3.7) | |
| Obstetrics and gynecology | 353 (2.2) | 8 (1.8) | |
| Oral/maxillofacial | 95 (0.6) | 5 (1.1) | |
| Plastics | 181 (1.1) | 4 (0.9) | |
| Cardiac | 93 (0.6) | 2 (0.4) | |
| Colorectal | 41 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Surgery-oncology | 25 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Trauma | 115 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Thoracic | 1192 (7.5) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Radiology | 74 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Cardiothoracic | 185 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Pain management | 20 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Surgical service-other | 673 (4.3) | 70 (15.3) | |
| Other | 30 (0.2) | 3 (0.7) |
ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists: HIV human immunodeficiency virus: AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Data is presented as median [quartile 1, quartile 3] or n (%) depending on the variable type
aMissing for 1 patient in the comparison group
bMissing for 435 patients in the comparison group and 12 patients in the trial
cMissing for 437 patients in the comparison group and 12 patients in the trial
dMissing for 441 patients in the comparison group and 12 patients in the trial
dMissing for 1 patient in the trial