Table 2.
A comprehensive overview of the optical properties observed in the included studies on different yttria-stabilized zirconia materials
| Authors/ Publication Year | Test method | Material used/Brand name | Specimens tested number | Sintering protocol used | Specimen thickness | Device used for optical measurement | Optical results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salah 2023 [39] | translucency parameter (TP) contrast ratio (CR) and with various sintering protocols |
5 YPSZ (DD CubeX 2) 3 YPSZ (DD Bio ZX2) |
10 |
Conventional sintering 120 min holding time at 1450 C Speed sintering 50 min holding time at 1450 C Superspeed Sintering started at 1580 C with 10 min holding time |
1 mm | spectrophotometer (Cary 5000 UV–Vis-NIR; Agilent Technologies) |
TP/CR DD CubeX 2: Conv.13.32 ± 0.19/ 0.73 ± 0.006 Speed 11.5 ± 0.23/0.785 ± 0.004 Superspeed4.68 ± 0.2/0.913 ± 0.005 DD Bio ZX2 Conv. 9.82 ± 0.25/ 0.826 ± 0.008 Speed 7.76 ± 0.4/0.879 ± 0.005 Superspeed 6.12 ± 0.22/ 0.898 ± 0.004 |
| Yousry 2023 [40] | translucency parameter (TP) contrast ratio (CR) and with various sintering protocols | 3 YPSZ | 10 | Conventional and speed sintering following the manufacturers’ instructions | 0.4 mm | spectrophotometer (Vita Easy-Shade V; Vita Zahnfabrik) |
TP00/CR InCoris: Conv. 14.86 ± 0.07/ 0.77 (0.004. Speed: 13.20 ± 0.08/0.79 ± 0.01 Lava: Conv: 13.83 ± 0.04/0.788 ± 0.01. Speed:11.07 ± 0.09/ 0.8 ± 0.005 Katana utml: Conv. 20.77 ± 0.05/ 0.505 ± 0.003 Speed: 19.52 ± 0.05/ 0.525 ± 0.005 Cercon Xtml: Conv. 18.94 ± 0.05/ 0.542 ± 0.002 Speed 17.58 ± 0.05/ 0.565 ± 0.005 Zolid:Conv. 17.03 ± 0.02/0.556 ± 0.006 Speed15.43 ± 0.27/ 0.574 ± 0.003 |
| Savas 2022 [41] | translucency parameter TP00, contrast ratio CR after different sintering methods | 3YPSZ InCoris TZI | 10 |
classic (C); (duration: 8 h), 1500 ◦C for 120 min speed (S); (duration: 130 min),1540 ◦C for 25 min super-speed sintering (SS) (duration: 130 min), 1580 ◦C for 10 min |
1.5 mm | spectrophotometer (Vita Easy-Shade V; Vita Zahnfabrik) |
TP00 Classic 7.37 ± 0.34 Speed 7.41 ± 0.48 Super-speed 7.10 ± 0.61 CR Classic 0.74 ± 0.015 Speed 0.73 ± 0.015 Super-speed 0.74 ± 0.022 |
| Liu 2022 [42] | translucency parameter (TP) after different sintering protocols |
4Y-PSZ: Katana HT, Zpex4, 5Y-PSZ: Katana STML, Zpex Smile, 6Y-PSZ: Katana UTML |
15 |
conventional-sintering CS (1500 for 12 min, total time 7 h) speed-sintering SS (1515 C for30 mins, total time 90 min) |
1.2 mm | colorimeter (CR-13; Konica-Minolta Sensing, Tokyo, Japan) |
Results were shown in figures. Translucency (TP) was not significantly influenced by the sintering method - highest TP was Kat. UTML CS (25.40 ± 0.48)/ lowest TP Zpex Smile SS (15.34 ± 0.54) |
| Liu 2022 [43] | translucency TP of different sintering using two colorimeters |
3Y-PSZ: Cercon HT (HT),Copran Zr-i Ultra-T (UT) 5Y-PSZ: Cercon xt (XT), |
5 | Conventional and rapid sintering according to the manufacturers’ instructions | 0.5, 0.8, and 1.2 mm |
Vita Easy-shade V, zahinfabrik,Germany (Vita) Shadepilot,DeguDent, GmbH, Germany (DD) |
Results were shown in figures TP values of the CS, RS group were nearly, except XT group with DD. XT was significantly highest TP |
| Vafaei 2022 [44] | translucency parameter (TP) with various sintering temperature |
5Y-PSZ: -White Peaks Symphony (WPS) -e. max ZirCAD (IEZ) |
10 | at 1530, 1500, or 1440 °C with 17 °C/min heating rate for 2 h | 1 mm | digital camera (Canon EOS 6D 20.2MP) |
(TP) WPS 1440: 9.25 ± 0.99, 1500: 11.33 ± 0.68, at 1530: 13.34 ± 0.83 IEZ 1440: 8.12 ± 0.47, 1500: 9.32 ± 0.25, at 1530: 10.65 ± 0.48 |
| Park 2022 [45] | translucency parameter (TP) |
5Y-PSZ: Rainbow High Shine, 4Y-PSZ:Rainbow Shine, 3Y-PSZ:RainbowShade, lithium disilicate |
10 | sintered according to the manufacturers’ instructions | 0.8 mm and 1.5 mm | spectrophotometer (SpectroShade Micro; MHT Optic Research AG) |
TP at 0.8 mm: 3Y-TZP: 13.32 ± 0.32 4Y TZP: 14.12 ± 0.18 5Y TZP: 16.47 ± 0.39 Lithium disilicate 19.17 ± 0.29 TP at 1.5 mm:3Y-TZP: 10.55 ± 0.14 4Y TZP: 11.89 ± 0.26 5Y TZP: 14.13 ± 0.12 Lithium disilicate: 14.20 ± 0.32 |
| Kongkiatkamon.2022 [46] | Effect of speed sintering on translucency parameter (TP) | 5Y-PSZ: Katana STML | 15 |
RS: regular sintering for 2 h, at 1550 ◦C SS: speed sintering for16 min, at1560 ◦C |
1.23 mm | spectrophotometer (HunterLab, ColorQuest XE, Laboratory Inc., Reston) |
TP: Regular Sintering10.581 ± 0.798 Speed Sintering 9.052 ± 0.618 CR: Regular Sintering = 0.787 ± 0.034 Speed Sintering = 0.833 ± 0.021 |
| Mourouzis 2022 [47] | translucency parameter (TP00) and contrast ratios after three milling methods |
3Y-PSZ: inCoris TZI 5Y-PSZ: Katana STML |
15 |
according to the manufacturer’s instruction Katana: dry-milled total sintering time18 min 1560 ºC, For the wet-milled: additional drying cycle at 200 ºC, for 12 min inCoris TZI: dry-milled total sintering time 28 min, 1580 ºC For the wet-milled: additional drying cycle at 200 ºC, for 3 min |
1 mm | spectrophotometer Shimadzu UV (2401PC Series, UV–VIS) |
TP00: inCoris TZI: dry milling: 11.8 ± 0.7 Wet mill:Distilled water:12.3 ± 0.3 Impregnated water: 10.7 ± 1.3 Katana STML dry milling: 21.9 ± 1.4 Wet mill:Distilled water 20.6 ± 0.4 Impregnated water:5.4 ± 1.2 CR inCoris TZI dry milling: 0.74 ± 0.1 Wet mill:Distilled water:0.92 ± 0.02 Impregnated water 0.94 ± 0.02 Katana STML dry milling: 0.85 ± 0.03 Wet mill:Distilled water: 0.90 ± 0.03 Impregnated water:0.96 ± 0.01 |
| Kanpalta 2022 [48] | translucency parameter (TP) |
lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD LT) 5YPSZ:Prettau Anterior (PZA), VITA (YZ XT). M6YPSZ Katana UTML |
5 |
various sintering temperatures 1550 C / 1450 C 2 h holding time |
1 mm | spectrophotometer VITA Easyshade Advance 4.0; VITA Zahnfabrik) |
TP: UTML: At 1450; 12.11 ± 0.41 At 1550 12.62 ± 1.2 PZA: At 1450; 14.01 ± 0.64 At 1550; 14.88 ± 1.91 YZ XT: At 1450; 13.73 ± 0.19 At; 1550; 13.72 ± 0.58 IPS: 18.93 ± 0.52 |
| Jerman 2021 [49] | Light transmittance | Zirconia (pritidenta GmbH): O opaque (3YPSZ), T translucent (3YPSZ),ET extra translucent (4YPSZ), HT high translucent (5YPSZ) | 15 | 1450 ◦C with 2 h holding time | 1.45 mm ± 0.04 mm | UV/Vis spectrophotometer (LAMBDA 35, PerkinElmer LAS, Germany) |
Light transmission coefficient percentage: O = 26.6/ T = 31.6 ET = 33.7 / HT = 35.3 |
| Lümkemann 2021 [50] | Light transmittance |
Y-PSZ0.25 (Ceramillzi), 3YPSZ0.05 (CeramillZ), 5YPSZ (Ceramill Z fx), Pre 4YPSZ (Ceramill Z ht + Preshades) 4YPSZ (Ceramill Z ht +) |
30 |
according to the manufacturers’ instructions conventionally sintered 5Y-TZP, 3Y-TZP 0.05, 3Y-TZP 0.25, and 4Y-TZP were at 1450 C high-speed sintered for pre4Y-TZP, 4Y-TZP at 1580 C |
1.2 mm | an UV/Vis spectrophotometer (LAMBDA 35, PerkinElmer LAS, Germany) |
Light transmittance% 5Y-TZP = 23.7 ± 0.6 3Y-TZP 0.25 = 9.5 ± 0.4 3Y-TZP 0.05 = 12.1 ± 0.4 pre 4Y-TZP speed = 13.1 ± 1.3 4Y-TZP speed = 0.1 ± 0.0 4Y-TZP = 16.8 ± 0.4 LiSi 2 = 34.0 ± 0.9 |
| Reyes et al., 2021 [51] | translucency parameter (TP) |
lithium disilicate (IPS e.max, Press HT, LT) 3YPSZ: BruxZir, 5YPSZ: BruxZir Anterior, Katana STML M6YPSZ Kat UTML |
12 | followed the manufacturers’ instructions | 1 ± 0.05 mm | A spectrophotometer (CM-2600D; Minolta,Inc) |
TP: BruxZir: 19.78 ± 0.99, BruxZir Anterior: 25.33 ± 0.75, Kat UTML: 27.87 ± 0.27, Kat STML26.37 ± 0.28 e.max LT 32.85 ± 0.84, e.max HT: 37.34 ± 1.4 |
| Pekkan 2021 [52] | translucency parameter (TP) with various sintering protocols and thicknesses |
3Y-PSZ CopranZri (CZI) 4Y-PSZ CopraSupreme (CSP), 5Y-PSZ CopraSmile (CSM) |
5 |
120 min at 1500 °C, slow programme (SLP) 90 min at 1500 °C on the normal rate (NRP) 30 min at 1500 °C.Speed program (SPP) 120 min at 1600 °C Translucency program (TRP) |
0.7, 1.0, 1.3 mm | a chromometer (Minolta CM- 2300d series; Minolta Sensing, Inc.) |
TP: CZI: Slow program (SLP): 0.7 mm 8.64 ± 0.45 1 mm 7.50 ± 0.78 1.3 mm 6.84 ± 1.29 Normal program (NRP): 0.7 mm 8.63 ± 0.29 1 mm 6.98 ± 0.73 1.3 mm 5.26 ± 0.37 Speed Program (SPP) 0.7 mm 8.22 ± 0.29 1 mm 6.41 ± 0.13 1.3 mm 5.09 ± 0.13 Translucency program (TRP): 0.7 mm 9.96 ± 0.25 1 mm 7.90 ± 0.16 1.3 mm 6.66 ± 0.16 CSP: Slow program (SLP): 0.7 mm 12.62 ± 0.16 1 mm 11.13 ± 0.14 1.3 mm 9.91 ± 0.12 Normal program (NRP): 0.7 mm 12.75 ± 0.15 1 mm 11.17 ± 0.10 1.3 mm 9.64 ± 0.36 Speed Program (SPP) 0.7 mm 13.07 ± 0.21 1 mm 1.24 ± 0.13 1.3 mm 9.73 ± 0.14 Translucency program (TRP 0.7 mm 11.73 ± 0.47 1 mm 11.45 ± 1.65 1.3 mm 10.79 ± 0.83 CSM:Slow program (SLP): 0.7 mm 13.78 ± 0.20 1 mm 12.00 ± 0.35 1.3 mm 10.62 ± 0.11 Normal program (NRP): 0.7 mm 13.02 ± 0.42 1 mm 11.76 ± 0.61 1.3 mm 10.82 ± 0.49 Speed Program (SPP) 0.7 mm 11.59 ± 0.49 1 mm 10.43 ± 0.78 1.3 mm 9.40 ± 0.40 Translucency program (TRP 0.7 mm 13.37 ± 0.25 1 mm 11.86 ± 0.46 1.3 mm 10.92 ± 0.48 |
| Luz 2021 [38] | Translucency parameter (TP) | 3Y-TZP Vipi Block | Not mentioned |
Conventional sintering: 1530 ◦ C / 10 h microwave speed sintering:1450 ◦ C /1 h 45 min |
1.2 mm | Not mentioned |
TP: Conventional sintering: 29 ± 0.8 microwave speed sintering: 13 ± 1 |
| Yang 2020 [53] | Translucency parameter (TP) |
3Y-TZP: Copran Zr 3Y-PSZ:Copran Zr-I Ultra-T, Copran Zr-I Ultra-T white, CecronHT 5Y-PSZ: Cecron XT |
5 |
Conventional sintering CS: 130 min/1520 ◦C:Cecron HT, XT, 90 min/1500 ◦C: Copran Z, Zr-I Ultra-T, Zr-I Ultra-T white Speed sintering SS: 35 min/1540 ◦C: Cecron HT, XT 90 min/ 1500 ◦C: Copran Z, Zr-I Ultra-T, Zr-I Ultra-T white |
1-mm | A spectrophotometer (Cary 5000 UV–Vis-NIR; Agilent Technologies) |
The result did not mention in numerical values. RS process has a different impact on the optical qualities -significant differences between CS &SS |
| Cardoso 2020 [54] | translucency parameter (TP) | 5Y-PSZ Prettau Anterior | 15 |
2 h dwell time, at 1450 C and at 1600 C |
1.2 ± 0.01 mm | spectrophotometer (CM 2600d; Konica Minolta Sensing Inc) |
TP: At 1450, 15.45 ± 0.18 At 1600 15.58 ± 0.37 |
| Cho2020 [55] | Translucency parameter (TP) |
lithium disilicate (Rosetta SM) 4Y- PSZ (Katana STML), 3Y- PSZ (Katana HT) 5Y-PSZ (Katana UTML) |
10 | according to the manufacturer’s recommendations | 0.8 and 1.5 mm | a spectrophotometer (SpectroShade Micro) |
TP: at 0.8 mm: HT 11.58 ± 0.57, STML13.90 ± 0.17/ UTML 15.36 ± 0.5 Rosetta SM 19.18 ± 0.29 At 1.5 mm HT 7.75 ± 0.57, STML 11.68 ± 0.23 UTML12.64 ± 0.19 Rosetta SM14.20 ± 0.39 |
| Cokic 2020 [56] | Contrast ratio CR / translucency parameter TP |
5Y-PSZ:Katana STML, 3Y-PSZ:inCoris TZI, CEREC Zirconia |
7 |
STMLSS: 1560 ◦C /30 min and (CEREC ZrSS)1578 ◦C/15 min STML CS 1550 ◦C/6.8 h and inCoris TZICS 1510 ◦C/4 h |
3.5 mm | a spectrophotometer (SpectroShadeTM MICRO, MHT Optic Research) |
Results in figures higher TP for Kat STMLSS and Kat STMLCS than CEREC ZrSS and inCoris TZICS -CEREC ZrSS TP = 15 |
| Kim2020 [57] | Light transmittance (T%), translucency parameter (TP) |
3Y-TZP (Luxen Zr, 4Y-PSZ (Luxen Enamel), 5Y-PSZ (Luxen Smile), IPS e.max CAD |
10 |
S: air-sintered at 1500C for two hours before being air-cooled rapidly cooled RS: at 1500C for one hour then rapidly air-cooled within 1–2 min |
1 mm | a spectrophotometer (Ci7600; X-Rite, Grand Rapids) |
3Y-TZP: TP: S = 4.43 ± 1.62, T%30.86 (5.82) RS = TP: 4.65 ± 0.39, T%:32.59 (4.73) 4Y-PSZ: S = TP:8.47 (1.38), T%44.13 (5.27) RS = TP: 8.93 ± 0.43, T%:49.39 (2.99) 5Y-PSZ: S = TP: 9.37 ± 1.31, T%:51.08 (4.38) RS = TP:9.66 ± 1.06, T%:53.94 (1.06) e.max CAD: TP: 17.42 ± 0.29, T%: 86.17 (0.91) |
| Sanal2020 [58] | translucency parameters (TP00) with different temperatures,shades and thicknesses | 5Y-PSZ Katana STML | 10 |
Three sintering temperatures (1350 C, 1450 C, and1600 C) with 2 h dwell time |
(1 mm-1.5 mm | A spectrophotometer (Vita EasyShade, Vita Zahnfabrik) |
TP00 shade a2 1 mm: at 1350:7.55 ± 0.86, at 1450:8.31 ± 0.27, at 1600:8.6 ± 0.77 1.5 mm: at 1350, 4.98 ± 0.36, at 1450: 6.93 ± 0.35, at 1600:6.77 ± 1.37 shade a3 1 mm: at 1350: 7.2 ± 0.8, at1450: 8.35 ± 0.22, at 1600: 9.11 ± 0.22 1.5 mm: at 1350:4.99 ± 0.64, at 1450:6.56 ± 0.47, at 1600:7.42 ± 0.52 |
| Lawson2020 [59] | translucency parameter (TP00) with different sintering |
5YPSZ: KatanaSTML, Prettau Anterior and Zpex Smile IPS e.max CAD |
10 |
conventional 7-h preprogrammed speed sintering 30 min preprogrammed speed sintering 18 min |
1 mm | spectrophotometer (Color-i7; X-Rite, Grand Rapids) |
TP00 Katana STML (18 min) 7.64 ± 0.20 Katana STML (30 min) 7.61 ± 0.25 Katana STML (7 h) 7.88 ± 0.25 Prettau Anterior (30 min 3.96 ± 0.26 Prettau Anterior (7 h) 7.88 ± 0.27 Zpex Smile (30 min) 5.17 ± 0.12 Zpex Smile (7 h) 8.47 ± 0.17 IPS e.max CAD 9.33 ± 56 |
| Aljanobi [60] 2020 | Translucency parameter (TP) |
5YPSZ: Prettau, 2Dispersive, PrettauAnt -IPS e.max CAD HT |
12 | manufacturer’s instructions | 1 mm | a spectrophotometer (LabScan XE, Hunter Associates Lab. Inc.) |
TP results in figures -Different TP among materials Emax significantly highest TP |
| Zhang2019 [61] | Contrast ratio (CR) |
3Y-PSZ Zpex 4Y-PSZ Zpex4 5Y-PSZ ZpexSmile |
6 | 1450 °C holding time 2 h | 0.5 mm | spectrophotometer (SpectroShadeTMMICRO,OpticResearch) |
Zpex 0.54 ± 0.02 Zpex4 0.47 ± 0.01 ZpexSmile 0.36 ± 0.01 |
| Walczak 2019 [62] | contrast ratio (CR), (TP) translucency parameter |
3YPSZ: BruxZir Solid 3YPSZ: Zenostar 3YPSZ: Lava Plus |
30 | manufacturer’s instructions | 0.50 ± 0.01 mm | A spectrophotometer (Gretag SPM 100; Gretag Limited) |
BruxZirTP:11.66 ± 0.73 CR:0.76 ± 0.01/ Zenostar:TP12.96 ± 0.89, CR0.74 ± 0.18 Lava Plus: TP10.59 ± 0.72,CR0.79 ± 0.14 |
| Alshamrani/ 2019 [63] | translucency parameter (TP) | 5YPSZ: Ceramill Zolid FX / 3YPSZ: e.max Zircad | 5 |
1200 C, holding time 2 h |
1.5 mm | a spectrophotometer (CR-321;Minolta Co. Ltd.) |
TP Ceramill Zolid FX: 21.43 ± 0.55 IPS e.max Zircad: 12.95 ± 1.45 |
| Elsaka 2019 [64] | contrast ratio (CR), translucency parameter (TP) |
5YPSZ Prettau Anterior (PA), Ceramill Zolid FX Multilayer (CZF), 4YPSZ:ZenostarT (ZT) |
30 | manufacturer’s recommendations | 1 mm | spectrophotometer (CM-2006d;Konica Minolta) |
CZF: TP 19.41 ± 0.49,CR:0.56 ± 0.02 PA: TP 16.83 ± 0.41,CR: 0.74 ± 0.03 ZT: TP 15.88 ± 0.45,CR: 0.76 ± 0.03 |
| Li 2019 [65] |
transmittance with different sintering protocols |
3Y-PSZ: ST Preshaded UPCERA Zirconia | 10 |
Total time: CS: 15 h CS‐R:40 min, R‐1: 12 min, R‐2: 25 min R‐3: 40 min |
0.5 mm | a spectrophotometer (Color i7800, Xrite) |
Results were shown in figures lowest light transmittance is R1 -transmittance is similar between CS and R‐2 and R‐3 |
| Jansen et al. 2019 [66] | Light transmittance |
3Y- PSZ: Zolid (ZD) and Ceramill ZI 4Y- PSZ: Zolid HT + |
10 |
2 Speed sintering (1570 C and 1590 C) Conventional sintering (1450 C) |
1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mm | a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (LAMBDA 35) |
results were shown in figures sintering protocols had no significant effect on the translucency of ZI Translucency significantly decreased for ZD and HT + with speed sintering |
| Juntavee 2018 [67] | Contrast ratio (CR), translucency parameter (TP) | 3Y-PSZ: VITA YZ HT | 15 | various sintering (HP, 180 min), (HR, 120 min), (HS,60 min) and various temperatures: (SD, 1350 °C), (SI, 1550 °C), (SR, 1450 °C) | 1.5 mm | spectrophotometer (ColorQuest XE, Hunter Associated Laboratory) |
TP, CR Mean ± sd (95% confidential interval CI) for SDHS: TP 1.4 ± 0.13, CR 0.982 ± 0.004, for SDHR TP:2.16 ± 0.10, CR: 0.967 ± 0.005 for SDHP TP:2.24 ± 0.10, CR:0.964 ± 0.004 for SRHS: TP: 3.03 ± 0.10, CR:0.945 ± 0.003 for SRHR TP 3.19 ± 0.17, CR: 0.942 ± 0.003 for SRHP TP: 3.42 ± 0.10, CR:0.937 ± 0.003 for SIHS: TP:3.16 ± 0.09, CR: 0.937 ± 0.002 for SIHR TP:3.05 ± 0.20, CR: 0.939 ± 0.005 for SIHP.TP:2.95 ± 0.18, CR: 0.942 ± 0.006 |
| Yan/ 2018 [68] | translucency parameter (TP), Contrast ratio (CR) |
5Y-PSZ: Zpex Smile 4Y-PSZ: Zpex 4 3Y- PSZ: Zpex IPS e.max CAD |
10 |
Zpex: 1530 °C Zpex 4:1450 °C Zpex Smile: 1450 °C |
1.0 ± 0.2 mm | SpectroShade Micro; MHT |
Zpex TP: 24.0 ± 0.1,CR: 0.48 ± 0.00 Zpex 4 TP:24.2 ± 0.6, CR: 0.47 ± 0.01 Zpex Smile TP: 29.7 ± 0.4 0.37 ± 0.00 IPS e.max CAD: TP = 34.3 (0.9) CR = 0.37 (0.01) |
| Liebermann 2018 [69] | light transmittance |
3 Y-TZP Bruxzir (BX), Lava Frame (LF), Cercon (CE), 3Y-PSZ: Zenostar (ZS), Prettau (PT), Lava Plus (LP) Lithium disilicate:LS2 (EM) |
20 | recommended by the manufacturer |
LF,LP 0.3,1 mm; PT &BX 0.5,1 mm; ZS & CE 0.4,1 mm; BX 0.5,1 mm EM1mm |
A spectrophotometer (CM-2006d, Germany) |
Light transmittance EM 1 mm 44.72 ± 0.005 LF 0.3 mm 40.19 ± 0.004 PT 0.5 mm 33.54 ± 0.005 BX 0.5 mm 39.59 ± 0.008 CE 0.4 mm 38.52 ± 0.006 ZS 0.4 mm 33.95 ± 0.005 LP 0.3 mm 41.15 ± 0.006 BX 1 mm 31.61 ± 0.008 LF 1 mm 26.26 ± 0.002 LP 1 mm 28.09 ± 0.003 PT 1 mm 25.94 ± 0.014 ZS 1 mm 19.64 ± 0.003 CE 1 mm 25.30 ± 0.007 |
| Inokoshi, 2018 [70] | translucency parameter (TP) |
3YPSZ: Katana HT 5YPSZ: KatanaSTML, 5YPSZ: Zpex Smile. 6MYPSZ:KatanaUTML |
5 |
1550 C with 2 h Dwelling time |
0.5 mm | a colorimeter (CR13; Konica-Minolta Sensing) |
TP: Kat UTML (36.7 ± 1.8), Kat HT (29.5 ± 0.9), Zpex Smile (33.1 ± 0.7), Kat STML (34.2 ± 0.7) |
| Sen 2018 [71] | translucency parameter (TP) |
3YPSZ: Vita YZHTColor (VYZb), VitaYZHT White (VYZa), Prettau Zirkonzahn (PZ) 5Y- PSZ: Prettau Anterior (PZA) |
10 |
Final sintering temperatures (1350 C, 1450 C, and 1600 C) |
1.0 ± 0.05 mm | spectrophotometer, (Color Eye 7000A Xrite; GretagMacbeth) |
VYZa colored:1350 C 15.28 ± 0.43, 1450 C 17.14 ± 0.71, 1600 C 18.26 ± 0.36 VYZb precolored1350 C 17.28 ± 0.56, 1450 C 18.03 ± 0.87, 1600 C 18.40 ± 0.27 VYZa noncolored:1350 C 16.42 ± 0.62, 1450 C 17.49 ± 0.38, 1600 C 18.05 ± 0.44 PZ colored:1350 C 14.37 ± 0.27 1450 C 15.73 ± 0.74 1600 C 16.74 ± 0.46 PZ noncolored1350 C 14.86 ± 0.21 1450 C 16.05 ± 0.36 1600 C 16.32 ± 0.28 PZA colored:1350 C 18.96 ± 0.65 1450 C 21.34 ± 1.04 1600 C 22.76 ± 0.62 PZA noncolored:1350 C 19.23 ± 0.4 1450 C 20.80 ± 0.89 1600 C 22.03 ± 1.55 |
| Mao/ 2018 [37] | contrast ratio, translucency parameter TP |
5Y- PSZ: Zpex Smile 3Y- PSZ: Zpex |
3 | followed the manufacturer’s instruction | 1 mm | Colorimeter (SpectroShade Micro; MHT) | ZpexTP16.35 ± 0.99, CR0.48 ± 0.004 Zpex Smile TP32.81 ± 1.42, CR0.34 ± 0.02 |
| Kwon 2018 [72] |
translucency parameter TP00 |
3YPSZ: Katana HT M6-YPSZ:Katana utml e.max CAD LT, HT |
10 | followed the manufacturer’s instruction | 1.5 mm (e.max 1.1 mm) | a spectrophotometer (CM-700d; Konica) | TP00 Kat utml (8.30 ± 0.24), Kat HT (6.96 ± 0.53), e.max CAD HT (12.64 ± 0.48) e.max CAD LT (9.28 ± 0.36) |
| Zadeh 2018 [73] | Light transmittance (Tt%) |
5Y- PSZ: DD cubeX2, CopraSmile, Ceramill Zolid FX, NOVAZIR MaxT, StarCeram Z‑Smile Priti multidisc ZrO 2, IPS e.max Press |
10 | followed the manufacturer’s instruction | 1 mm | spectrophotometer (Lambda 35; PerkinElmer LAS) |
Light transmittance (Tt%): Ceramill Zolid FX 38.3 ± 0.3 CopraSmile 37.1 ± 0.3 NOVAZIR MaxT 33.1 ± 0.5 DD cubeX2 37.3 ± 0.3 StarCeram Z‑Smile 33.6 ± 0.2 priti multidisc ZrO 2 37.6 ± 0.5 IPS e.max Press 40.4 ± 0.4 |
| Alghazzawi et al. 2017 [74] | Contrast ratio (CR), Translucency parameter (TP) |
3Y- PSZ: Zenostar ZR, ZirluxFG2, Bruxzir Solid 4Y- PSZ: Katana HT, Nexx ZrT |
10 | followed the manufacturer’s instruction | 0.4 mm | Spectrophotometer (Crystaleye, ModelCE 100-DC/US, v1.3.1.0; Olympus Corp) | ZirluxFG2 TP: 21.2 ± 0.3, CR:0.47 ± 0.01, KatanaHT TP: 24.3 ± 0.5, CR: 0.43 ± 0.01, NexxZrT TP:20.1 ± 0.7, CR: 0.49 ± 0.01, Zenostar ZR: TP24.1 ± 0.4,CR:0.41 ± 0.01 Bruxzir Solid TP: 21.2 ± 0.4, CR:0.50 ± 0.01 |
| Kim and Kim 2017 [75] | Translucency parameter TP00 with different sintering | 3Y- PSZ: Rainbow Shade | 9 |
Conventional: 8 hs /1500 ◦ C holding 2 h Microwave: 2 hs/1500 °C holding 30 minuted |
0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mm | a spectrophotometer (Color iControl, X-Rite) |
TP00 results shown in figures statistically significant differences among thicknesses and sintering |
| Carrabba 2017 [76] | contrast ratio (CR) |
5Y- PSZ:Aadva NT[NT] 3Y- PSZ:Aadva EI [EI] 3 Y-TZP:Aadva ST [ST], IPS e.max CAD LT[LD] |
10 | followed the manufacturer’s instructions | 1.0 ± 0.1 mm | a spectrophotometer (PSD1000, OceanOptics) |
CR: LD 0.56 ± 0.02 ST 0.74 ± 0.01 NT0.65 ± 0.01 EI 0.69 ± 0.01 |
| Stawarczyk/ 2016 [77] | contrast ratio (CR) |
3 Y-TZP:Ceramill ZI 3Y PSZ: Zenostar, DD BioZX2, Ceramill Zolid, InCoris TZI |
15 | followed the manufacturer’s instructions | 0.5 | A spectrophotometer (CM-2600d, Konica) | CR: Zenostar: 0.57 0.01, DD Bio ZX 2: 0.62 ± 0.01, Ceramill Zolid: 0.57 ± 0.01, InCoris TZI: 0.57 ± 0.01, Ceramill ZI: 0.77 ± 0.01 |
| Kim et al. 2016 [78] | contrast ratio (CR) |
3Y PSZ: Rainbow Shade (A05, A2), Upcera‑ST A1,A2,A3 5Y PSZ: Rainbow High Shine A0, A1,A2 e.max CADLT,HT (A1,A2,A3) |
5 | followed the manufacturer’s instructions | 1.5 mm | spectrophotometer (Color i5, X-Rite) |
Rainbow Shade: A05 = 1.53 ± 0.6/ A2 = 0.61 ± 0.11 ‑Rainbow High Shine: A0 = 1.66 ± 0.93, A1 = 1.68 ± ,0.74,A2 = 2.31 ± 0.35 Upcera‑ST: A1 = 0.79 ± 0.43,,A2 = 0.72 ± 0.38, A3 = 0.56 ± 0.15 e.max LTA1 13.75 ± 1.87/ e.max LTA2 15.63 ± 0.20/ e.max LTA3 12.83 ± 2.26/ e.max HTA1 19.78 ± 2.88/ e.max HTA2 22.41 ± 0.21/e.max HTA3 22.66 ± 0.30 |
| Vichi 2016 [79] | contrast ratio (CR), translucency parameter (TP), |
3 Y-TZP: inCoris ZI, VITA In-Ceram YZ) 3YPSZ: IPS e.max Zir-CAD, inCorisTZI, VITA In-Ceram YZ HT |
10 | according to manufacturer instruction | 1.2 mm | spectrophotometer (PSD1000, OceanOptics) |
e.max ZirCADTP:11.48 ± 0.53,CR 0.75 ± 0.01. inCorisZI:TP12.64 ± 0.93/ CR:0.74 ± 0.02, inCorisTZI: TP14.05 ± 0.31 / CR:0.68 ± 0.01 In-Ceram YZ TP:13.78 ± 0.28/ CR: 0.70 ± 0.01. In-CeramYZ HT:TP: 14.44 ± 0.34/ CR: 0.68 ± 0.01 |
| Abdelbary 2016 [80] | translucency parameter TP | 3Y- PSZ: inCoris TZI | 15 | 90 min and 1540° C sintering temperature | 0.5, 0.8, 1, 1.2 mm | spectrophotometer (Vita EasyShade) |
TP 0.5 mm = 16.12 0.8 mm = 13.67, 1 mm = 11.49 1.2 mm = 9.25 |
| Harada 2016 [81] | Light transmittance |
3YPSZ:BruxZir, 4YPSZ:Katana HT 5YPSZ:Prettau Anterior, M5Y- PSZ:Katana ST M6Y-PSZ:Katana UT e.max CAD LT |
5 | followed the manufacturer’s instructions | 0.5, 1.0 mm | spectrophotometer (Evolution 300 UV–Vis; ThermoFisher |
Light transmittanceT% 0.5/1.0 mm BruxZir 28.82 ± 0.22/ 20.13 ± 0.22 Kat HT 28.49 ± 0.14/ 20.18 ± 0.39 Prettau Ant. 31.88 ± 0.49/ 22.58 ± 0.41 Kat UT 33.73 ± 0.13/ 23.37 ± 0.27 Kat ST 31.67 ± 0.24/ 21.86 ± 0.14 E-max LT 40.32 ± 0.25/ 27.05 ± 0.56 |
| Tuncel 2016 [21] |
contrast Ratio (CR) |
3Y- PSZ: Prettau Zirconia | 5 | 1600 °C final temperature, with 2 h holding time | 0.5 mm | spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade Compact,Bad Sackingen) | CR 0.796 (± 0.004) |
| Sulaiman et al.2015 [82] |
Translucency parameter (TP) contrast Ratio (CR) |
3 Y-TZP: ICE Zircon (ICE) 3YPSZ: Prettau (PRT), Zenostar (ZEN), Bruxzir (BRX), Katana (KAT), fully stabilized zirconia (5Y-FSZ): Prettau Anterior |
5 | followed the manufacturer’s instructions | 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, and 2.0 mm | reflection spectrophotometer (CM-700d, Konica Minolta Sensing Inc) |
TP values/ CR values ICE: 0.5 = 16.59 / 0.86, 0.7mm14.41 / 0.88, 1.0mm11.47/ 0.90, 1.2 mm 9.92/ 0.92, 1.5mm8.52/ 0.93, 2.0 mm 6.38/ 0.95 PRT: 0.5mm17.13/ 0.85, 0.7 mm 15.5/ 0.87, 1.0mm12.46/ 0.90, 1.2 mm 10.62/ 0.92, 1.5mm8.73/ 0.93, 2.0 mm 6.38/ 0.95 PRTA 0.5mm20.4/ 0.82, 0.7mm17.6/ 0.84, 1.0mm15.82/ 0.85, 1.2mm14.82/ 0.86, 1.5mm12.04/0.89 2.0mm9.74/ 0.91 BRX: 0.5mm17.76/ 0.86, 0.7mm15.03/ 0.89, 1.0mm12.32/ 0.92, 1.2mm10.53/ 0.93, 1.5mm8/ 0.95, 2.0mm5.65/ 0.97 ZEN: 0.5mm8.9/ 0.84, 0.7mm15.91/ 0.86, 1.0mm13.95/ 0.88, 1.2mm11.84/ 0.90, 1.5mm9.47/ 0.92 2.0mm7.46/ 0.98 KAT: 0.5mm17.57/ 0.84, 0.7mm15.11/ 0.85, 1.0mm13.42/ 0.87, 1.2mm11.69/ 0.89, 1.5mm9.78/ 0.91, 2.0mm7.78/ 0.93 |
| Kurtulmus-Yilmaz S 2014 [83] | Translucency parameter (TP) |
in A3.5, A2,A1shades 3Y-PSZ:Katana (KTN), In-Ceram YZ (VYZ), ICE Zirkon (ICE), IPS e.max Press (IPS) |
11 | followed the manufacturers’ instructions | 0.5 mm | ITA Easyshade Compact spectrophotometer |
TP VYZ: A1: 22.68 ± 0.577 A2 21.98 ± 1.076, A3.5 22.54 ± 0.815 ICE: A1: 17.86 ± 1.430 A2: 17.85 ± 1.851,A3.5 17.065 ± 1.761 KTN:A1 24.045 ± 1.148 A2 22.105 ± 1.606, A3.5 19.065 ± 1.289 |
| Stawarczyk 2014 [84] | contrast Ratio (CR) |
3 Y-TZP:Lava (LZ),ICE Zirkon (IZ),Vita In Ceram YZ (VI), InCoris ZI (IC), CopranYZ (CY), DD BioZ (DD),ZENO Bridge (ZE),Cercon (CC), 3YPSZ:CeramillZi (CZ), GC DiscCIP (GC), Prettau (PR) / glass ceramic:VitaMarkII (CG) |
12 | according to manufacturers’ instruction | 0.5 ± 0.05 mm | spectrophotometer (CM-2600d, Konica Minolta) | CR: CC (0.85 ± 0.01).CG: (0.58 ± 0.01); PR (0.74 ± 0.01), VI (0.76 ± 0.01), LZ (0.74 ± 0.01), GC (0.75 ± 0.01), IC (0.81 ± 0.01), CY (0.78 ± 0.01), DD (0.78 ± 0.02), CZ (0.77 ± 0.01), IZ (0.76 ± 0.03) |
| Ebeid 2014 [85] | contrast Ratio (CR) | 3Y- PSZ: Bruxzir, | 10 |
holding time (4, 2, 1 h) sintering temperature (1600 ◦C, 1530 ◦C,1460 ◦C) |
1 mm | spectrophotometer (Easyshade compact, Vita Zahnfabrik) |
Contrast Ratio (CR) At 1460, holding time 1 h 0.75 ± 0.02 At 1460, holding time 2 h 0.75 ± 0.03 At 1460, holding time 4 h 0.71 ± 0.01 At 1530, holding time 1 h 0.72 ± 0.01 At 1530, holding time 2 h 0.71 ± 0.01 At 1530, holding time4h 0.69 ± 0.01 At 1600, holding time 1 h 0.71 ± 0.01 At 1600, holding time 2 h 0.70 ± 0.01 At 1600, holding time4h0.68 ± 0.01 |
| Kanchanavasita 2014 [86] | contrast Ratio (CR) | 3Y- PSZ:Cercon Base, | 10 | according to the manufacturers’ recommendations | 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 mm | A spectrocolorimeter (ColorFlex, Model 45/0; Hunter Lab, Inc.) |
CR:Cercon Base: 0.3 mm 0.76 0.6 mm 0.84, 0.9 mm 0.91 1.2 mm 0.97, 1.5 mm 0.99 |
| Stawarczyk et al. 2013 [87] |
Ratio (CR) After different sintering temperatures contrast |
3Y- PSZ: Ceramill ZI | 10 | 120 min holding time, various final temperatures: 1700 °C, 1650 °C, 1600 °C, 1550 °C, 1500 °C,1450 °C, 1400 °C, 1350 °C, or 1300 °C | 0.7 mm | a spectrophotometer (CM-2600 d, Konica Minolta) |
CR 1,300 °C, 0.85 ± 0.01 1,350 °C, 0.81 ± 0.01 1,400 °C, 0.78 ± 0.01 1,450 °C, 0.77 ± 0.01 1,500 °C, 0.77 ± 0.02 1,550 °C, 0.75 ± 0.01 1,600 °C, 0.74 (0.01 1,650 °C, 0.70 ± 0.01 1,700 °C, 0.68 ± 0.01 |
| Kim et al.2013 [88] | light transmittance |
3 Y-TZP:Lava Frame, 3Y- PSZ: KaVo Everest ZS |
10 | Microwave sintering (MS) 20 min dwell time and conventional sintering (CS) 2, 10, or 40 h dwell time | 1 mm | spectrophotometer. (SpectraMagic CM-3500d, Konica Minolta) |
light transmittance (%) Lava: CS – 20 min 30.32 ± 0.64 CS – 2 h 29.80 ± 0.32 CS – 10 h 28.86 ± 0.16 CS – 40 h 28.39 ± 0.19 MS – 20 min 34.48 ± 0.24 KaVo: CS – 20 min 29.62 ± 0.20 CS – 2 h 28.61 ± 0.31 CS – 10 h 28.39 ± 0.43 CS – 40 h 28.09 ± 0.37 MS – 20 min 30.50 ± 0.37 |
| Jiang 2011 [89] | light transmittance | 3 Y- PSZ: TZ-3YB-E | 10 | Various sintering temperatures 1500, 1450, 1400, and 1350 °C | 0.50 ± 0.01 mm | spectrometer with a double-prism monochromator (Bentham Instr. Ltd.) | As the temperature went up from 1,350 to 1,500 °C, light transmittances increased too |