Table 1.
Summary of collected data with lipohypertrophy in this scoping review.
| Source/country | Study design/participants | DM type | Characteristics (LH participants) | Parts | Outcome parameters | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pathologies | Imaging | |||||
| Kapeluto et al. 13 /Canada | Prospective study, n = 103 |
Type 1 8% Type 2 92% |
75.0 ± 11.8 years Male 58% BMI 28.3 ± 6.1 kg/m2 HbA1c 8.0% ± 1.1% |
－ | Visual inspection and palpation (discrete palpable dermal nodules or swellings of variable consistency) | US (heterogeneous in echotexture, absence of vascularity, absence of capsule) |
| Gentile et al. 16 /Italy | Case report, n = 1 | Type 2 |
71 years Female BMI 33.3 kg/m2 HbA1c 9.3% |
Abdomen | Swellings (umbilicated, hyperchromic and cleft) | US (thickening of the dermis) |
| Fujikura et al. 15 /Japan | Case report, n = 1 | Type 2 |
82 years Female BMI 21.3 kg/m2 HbA1c 8.3% |
Abdomen |
HE (excess mature adipocytes in the dermal reticular layer) SEM (hypertrophic adipocytes, numerous small lipid droplets at the periphery of hypertrophic adipocytes) |
－ |
| Gentile et al. 7 /Italy | Open, multicenter, randomized, case–control study, n = 718 (with LH), and 509 (without LH) | Type 2 |
61 ± 16 years Male 41.6% BMI 29.1 ± 4.2 kg/m2 HbA1c 9.6 ± 1.1% |
Abdomen 38.3% Arms 35.8% Thighs 33.3% Buttocks 26.2% |
Inspection and palpation (features of four types of LH: small nodule, large nodule, flat plastron, flat nodule) | US (features of three types of LH: hyper, iso, iso‐hypo) |
| Thewjitcharoen et al. 14 /Thailand | Cross‐sectional study, n = 149 (with LH), and 251 (without LH) | Type 1 14%a Type 2 86%a |
64.8 ± 14.2 years Male 52.3% BMI 25.9 ± 4.8 kg/m2 HbA1c 7.8% ± 1.5% |
Abdomen 96.0% Mixed 4.0% |
Inspection and palpation (Grade 1: LH without visible skin lesion but increased palpable density of subcutaneous tissue, Grade 2: serve hypertrophy with increased density of the injection site) | US (localized areas of decreased subcutaneous fat thickness and increased heterogeneous echoes) |
Note: Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CSⅡ, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy; DM, diabetes mellitus; HE, hematoxylin and eosin staining; HS, healthy subject; LH, lipohypertrophy; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; US, ultrasonography.
Values are shown as a percentage of the total participants.