Table 1. Unadjusted and multivariable logistic regression analysis showing predictors of parents delaying immunization of their children during COVID-19 pandemic (n = 1137).
| Variable | n (%) | Delaying immunization n (%) | Unadjusted | Multivariable | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |||
| Age group (year) | ||||||
| 18-20 (Reference group (R)) | 52 (4-6) | 15 (28.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 21-30 | 268 (23.6) | 99 (36.9) | 1.45 (0.76, 2.77) | 0.266 | 1.32 (0.61, 2.84) | 0.479 |
| 31, 40 | 345 (30.3) | 118 (34.2) | 1.28 (0.68, 2.43) | 0.446 | 1.39 (0.64, 3.02) | 0.410 |
| 41, 50 | 319 (28.1) | 58 (18.2) | 0.55 (0.28, 1.07) | 0.076 | 0.64 (0.29, 1.43) | 0.276 |
| >50 | 153 (13.5) | 22 (14.4) | 0.41 (0.20, 0.88) | 0.021* | 0.55 (0.23, 1.32) | 0.178 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male (R) | 598 (52.6) | 148 (24.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 525 (46.2) | 162 (30.9) | 1.36 (1.04, 1.76) | 0.023* | 1.27 (0.94, 1.71) | 0.120 |
| Other | 14 (1.2) | 2 (14.3) | 0.51 (0.11, 2.29) | 0.377 | 0.77 (0.16, 3.76) | 0.749 |
| Religion | ||||||
| Islam (R) | 889 (78.2) | 259 (29.1) | 1 | |||
| Protestant | 71 (6.2) | 14 (19.7) | 0.60 (0.33, 1.09) | 0.094 | ||
| Christian | 148 (13.0) | 34 (23.0) | 0.73 (0.48, 1.09) | 0.124 | ||
| Others (including Hinduism, Buddhism and Khongsuhu) | 29 (2.6) | 5 (17.2) | 0.51 (0.19, 1.34) | 0.172 | ||
| Location of living | ||||||
| Urban (R) | 858 (75.5) | 232 (27.0) | 1 | |||
| Rural (in the country) | 279 (24.5) | 80 (28.7) | 1.09 (0.80, 1.46) | 0.595 | ||
| Employment | ||||||
| Employed for wages (R) | 334 (29.4) | 105 (31.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Self, employed | 539 (47.4) | 155 (28.8) | 0.88 (0.65, 1.19) | 0.400 | 0.78 (0.56, 1.07) | 0.126 |
| Out of work for both less or more than 1 year | 50 (4.4) | 11 (22.0) | 0.62 (0.30, 1.25) | 0.179 | 0.60 (0.28, 1.29) | 0.193 |
| Homemaker | 125 (11.0) | 27 (21.6) | 0.60 (0.37, 0.98) | 0.039** | 0.57 (0.33, 0.98) | 0.043* |
| Student | 36 (3.2) | 11 (30.6) | 0.96 (0.46, 2.02) | 0.914 | 0.72 (0.30, 1.74) | 0.464 |
| Retired or unable to work | 53 (4.7) | 3 (5.7) | 0.13 (0.04, 0.43) | 0.001** | 0.21 (0.06, 0.72) | 0.013* |
| Healthcare worker (nurse, medical doctor or pharmacist) | ||||||
| No (R) | 1098 (96.6) | 289 (26.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 39 (3.4) | 23 (59.0) | 4.02 (2.10, 7.72) | <0.001** | 1.82 (0.87, 3.81) | 0.114 |
| Household income last year from all sources before taxes | ||||||
| Less than $500 a month (R) | 322 (28.3) | 70 (21.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| $1,000, $2,999 a month | 437 (38.4) | 131 (30.0) | 1.54 (1.10, 2.15) | 0.011* | 1.40 (0.97, 2.02) | 0.069 |
| $3,000, $7,999 a month | 200 (17.6) | 65 (32.5) | 1.73 (1.17, 2.58) | 0.007** | 1.51 (0.97, 2.35) | 0.068 |
| $8,000, $12,999 a month | 125 (11.0) | 33 (26.4) | 1.29 (0.80, 2.08) | 0.294 | 1.09 (0.65, 1.84) | 0.735 |
| $13,000 a month or more | 53 (4.7) | 13 (24.5) | 1.17 (0.59, 2.31) | 0.651 | 1.02 (0.49, 2.12) | 0.965 |
| Have a chronic illness | ||||||
| No (R) | 1054 (92.7) | 274 (26.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 45 (4.0) | 22 (48.9) | 2.72 (1.49, 4.96) | 0.001** | 2.03 (0.99, 4.15) | 0.054 |
| Do not know | 38 (3.3) | 16 (42.1) | 2.07 (1.07, 4.00) | 0.030* | 2.29 (1.11, 4.71) | 0.025* |
| Knowing people in immediate social environment who are or have been | ||||||
| infected with the COVID, 19 | ||||||
| Yes, confirmed (R) | 366 (32.2) | 129 (35.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 642 (56.5) | 149 (23.2) | 0.56 (0.42, 0.74) | <0.001** | 1.08 (0.64, 1.81) | 0.775 |
| Do not know Have seen or read about individuals infected with COVID, 19 on social media | 129 (11.3) | 34 (26.4) | 0.66 (0.42, 1.03) | 0.066 | 0.61 (0.29, 1.31) | 0.206 |
| No (R) | 105 (9.2) | 20 (19.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1032 (90.8) | 292 (28.3) | 1.68 (1.01, 2.78) | 0.045* | 1.23 (0.70, 2.16) | 0.478 |
| Have seen or read about individuals infected with COVID-19 on TV or newspaper | ||||||
| No (R) | 142 (12.5) | 23 (16.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 995 (87.5) | 289 (29.0) | 2.12 (1.33, 3.38) | 0.002** | 1.33 (0.79, 2.25) | 0.280 |
| Have been infected with the COVID-19 | ||||||
| Yes, confirmed (R) | 338 (29.7) | 125 (37.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 656 (57.7) | 143 (21.8) | 0.48 (0.36, 0.63) | <0.001** | 0.55 (0.32, 0.93) | 0.026* |
| Do not know | 143 (12.6) | 44 (30.8) | 0.76 (0.50, 1.15) | 0.193 | 1.21 (0.59, 2.48) | 0.605 |
| Confidence in how much knowing about COVID-19 | ||||||
| Very confident (R) | 251 (22.1) | 73 (29.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Not confident | 136 (12.0) | 26 (19.1) | 0.58 (0.35, 0.96) | 0.033* | 0.82 (0.47, 1.44) | 0.490 |
| Somewhat confident | 750 (66.0) | 213 (28.4) | 0.97 (0.71, 1.33) | 0.836 | 1.35 (0.95, 1.91) | 0.097 |
| Confidence in how much scientists and experts know about COVID-19 | ||||||
| Very confident (R) | 373 (32.8) | 114 (30.6) | 1 | |||
| Not confident | 114 (10.0) | 25 (21.9) | 0.64 (0.39, 1.05) | 0.076 | ||
| Somewhat confident | 650 (57.2) | 173 (26.6) | 0.82 (0.62, 1.09) | 0.176 | ||
| Score of perceived risk of getting COVID-19 infection in the next month | ||||||
| <50 (R) | 911 (80.1) | 233 (25.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| >50 (R) | 226 (19.9) | 79 (35.0) | 1.56 (1.15, 2.14) | 0.005** | 1.20 (0.83, 1.75) | 0.327 |
| Score of perceived risk of dying from COVID-19 if infected | ||||||
| 0-50 (R) | 960 (84.4) | 250 (26.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| >50 | 177 (15.6) | 62 (35.0) | 1.53 (1.09, 2.15) | 0.014* | 1.02 (0.67, 1.55) | 0.932 |
| Have received a flu shot during the past 12 months | ||||||
| Yes (R) | 371 (32.6) | 136 (36.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 766 (67.4) | 176 (23.0) | 0.52 (0.39, 0.68) | <0.001** | 0.70 (0.51, 0.95) | 0.021* |
| Attitude level to vaccination | ||||||
| Good (R) | 461 (40.5) | 140 (30.4) | 1 | |||
| Poor | 676 (59.5) | 172 (25.4) | 0.78 (0.60, 1.02) | 0.068 | ||
| Practice level on COVID, 19 prevention | ||||||
| Good (R) | 354 (31.1) | 91 (25.7) | 1 | |||
| Poor | 783 (68.9) | 221 (28.2) | 1.14 (0.86, 1.51) | 0.378 | ||
CI: confidence interval, OR: odds ratio, R: reference group
* Significant at 0.05
** Significant at 0.01