Table 4.
Types of interventions available for older males with various etiologies of infertility.
| Lifestyle modifications (e.g. weight loss) | Optimize health and minimize toxins |
| Antioxidant rich foods | Reduce oxidative stress-related damage |
| Medical management | |
| Oral PDE5 inhibitors, ICI | Enhance erectile function |
| Antimicrobials | Treat infection to improve sperm parameters |
| Antioxidants | Reduce oxidative stress-related damage |
| Alpha adrenergic agonists | Treat retrograde ejaculation |
| Surgery | |
| Varicocelectomy | Optimize sperm production |
| Penile prosthesis | Allow penetrative sex in men with ED |
| Sperm extraction | Allow for assisted reproduction in men with oligo/azoospermia, elevated DNA fragmentation index |