Authorsa	Year	Location	Population Studied and Setting	Design	Study Objective(s)	Key Findingsb
Interventional studies
Whittington et al.32	2018	United States	n = 162; mean age 63.2 years; patients enrolled in a primary care–based chronic pain management program and taking scheduled opioids daily	Intervention study educating participants about naloxone	To evaluate patients on pain management, overdose education, and naloxone attainment	Barriers: unnecessary, forgot, cost, access, adverse effects Facilitator: n = 31 (20.2%) obtained naloxone after educational intervention; 25.4% overall attainment of naloxone
McQuade et al.33	2021	United States	Older adults, n = 31, mean age 73.6 years; home health workers (licensed nurses and social workers), n = 44; outpatient primary care facility	Prospective educational study	To educate home health workers and their older adult clients on opioid overdose and naloxone utility	Barriers: unnecessary, cost Facilitator: older adults, n = 8 (26%) obtained naloxone after educational intervention Knowledge gaps: pre-educational intervention knowledge (opioids and naloxone) score of older adults = 39.4/100 (SD 26.8), indicates limited baseline education; home health workers reported older adults had limited baseline knowledge
Non-interventional studies
Grey literature: Pravodelov et al. (conference abstract)34	2021	United States	n = 100; mean age 80.3 years; older adults who received primary care at an urban geriatrics clinic and for whom at least one opioid for any indication such as pain was prescribed	Retrospective chart review	To assess adherence to guidance-based safer opioid prescribing among older adults	Barriers: naloxone was prescribed for 17 patients, whereas only 3 had documentation of naloxone availability Relevant medical history: co-prescription of benzodiazepines (n = 25) and gabapentinoids (n = 38), average MME/day ≥ 50 (n = 9)
Qualitative: Nielson et al.35	2018	Australia	n = 208; mean age 60.1 years; patients living with chronic noncancer pain and taking Schedule 8 opioids (fentanyl, morphine, oxycodone) ≥ 6 weeks	Prospective cohort study	To assess knowledge of opioid overdose and attitudes toward take-home naloxone	Barrier: women were less open-minded to naloxone Facilitators: 60% of patients believed naloxone co-prescribed was good to very good, 60% reported that they “appreciate” and “expect” being offered naloxone Relevant medical history: co-prescription of benzodiazepines (n = 54), history of previous opioid overdose (n = 46), MME/day ≥ 100 (n = 73) Knowledge gaps: participants’ score on questionnaire of baseline knowledge (overdose signs and symptoms) = 4.5 out of 10

MME = morphine milligram equivalent, SD = standard deviation.

^aReferences are cited by numbers used in the main article.

^bBarrier = factor preventing older adults from obtaining take-home naloxone; facilitator = factor improving attainment of take-home naloxone among older adults.