Table 8.

Chemogenetics in the studies of neural circuits in epilepsy

Types of epilepsy	Animal models	Methods inducing epilepsy	Related neural circuits	References
TLE	Thy1-ChR2 transgenic mice	Optogenetic train stimulation	Local and transhemispheric circuits	Berglind et al. (2018)
Chronic, drug-resistant epilepsy and acutely triggered seizure activity	organotypic hippocampal slices	clozapine N-oxide (4 mg/kg)	Parvalbumin, SST, and vasoactive intestinal peptide expressing interneurons	Cǎlin et al. (2018)
TLE	Intrahippocampal mouse model	Clozapine-N-oxide (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) and clozapine (0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg)	Excitatory pyramidal and granule cell neurons of the sclerotic hippocampus	Desloovere et al. (2019)
TLE	Wild-type C57BL/6 mice	Scopolamine (1 mg/kg) and pilocarpine (315 mg/kg)	The DG’s aggregate output	Kahn et al. (2019)
Alcohol withdrawal -associated seizures	C57BL/6 mice		Hippocampal neural circuits	Lee et al. (2019)
GABRG2‐deficient epilepsy	a Gabrg2 + /Q390X knock-in mouse and a Gabrg2 + / − knock-out mouse		GABAergic neurotransmission in central nucleus of the amygdala	Zhang et al. (2019a)
Spontaneous recurrent seizures	C57BL/6 mice	pilocarpine (290 mg/kg)	Newborn hippocampal DGCs in pro-epileptic neural circuits	Zhou et al. (2019)
TLE	C57BL/6 J mice	Hippocampal kindling model by a constant current stimulator; intra-hippocampal KA model (0.5 μg/μL, 0.6 μL)	A nigra-parafascicular disinhibitory circuit for regulation of seizure in TLE	Chen et al. (2020)
TLE	Mice	Kindling- and KA-induced epileptic models	MS-hippocampus cholinergic circuit in TLE	Wang et al. (2020)
TLE	Male Sprague–Dawley rats	Intraperitoneal KA rat model	Excitatory hippocampal neurons	Goossens et al. (2021)
Childhood absence epilepsy	C57BL/6 mice	Pentylenetetrazol (3, 2, and 1 mg/ml)	Cortico-thalamocortical network	Panthi and Leitch (2021)
SCN8A epileptic encephalopathy	patient-derived SCN8A mutated mouse model of SCN8A epileptic encephalopathy		Various cortical and subcortical neural circuits	Wengert et al. (2021)
TLE	C57/BL6J mice	KA (0.3 mg/mL in 0.1 M)	dHPC dorsal lateral septum circuit	Cao et al. (2022)
TLE	Male C57BL/6 Hsd mice	Intrahippocampal kainic acid injection	Epileptic network	Desloovere et al. (2022)
Focal cortical epilepsies	Gad2-IRES-Cre mice targeted hM4D expression to either the medial prefrontal cortex or the barrel cortex		The barrel cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex	Goldenberg et al. (2023)
TLE	C57BL/6 J mice	Intra-amygdala KA model (0.2 µg in 0.2 µl ACSF) and lithium chloride –pilocarpine model (10 mEq/kg)	D1R-MSN and D2R- MSN	Zou et al. (2022)
TLE	Rats	Kindling model	Projections from mediodorsal nucleus to prelimbic cortex	Wicker et al. (2022)