Table 3.
League table for non-pharmacologic interventions.
| Massage therapy | ||||||
| −0.23 (−0.89, 0.43) | Music therapy | |||||
| −0.68 (−1.74, 0.39) | −0.45 (−1.29, 0.40) | Treadmill training | ||||
| −1.03 (−1.94, −0.12) | −0.80 (−1.43, −0.17) | −0.35 (−1.00, 0.30) | rTMS | |||
| −1.25 (−2.19, −0.30) | −1.02 (−1.70, −0.34) | −0.57 (−1.32, 0.18) | −0.22 (−0.69, 0.26) | Multimodal exercise | ||
| −1.26 (−2.17, −0.34) | −1.03 (−1.66, −0.39) | −0.58 (−1.28, 0.12) | −0.23 (−0.62, 0.17) | −0.01 (−0.48, 0.46) | Electroacupuncture | |
| −1.28 (−2.39, −0.17) | −1.05 (−1.94, −0.15) | −0.60 (−1.48, 0.28) | −0.25 (−0.95, 0.45) | −0.03 (−0.87, 0.81) | −0.02 (−0.82, 0.78) | tDCS |
| −1.29 (−2.54, −0.04) | −1.06 (−2.12, −0.00) | −0.61 (−1.48, 0.25) | −0.26 (−1.17, 0.65) | −0.04 (−1.04, 0.95) | −0.03 (−1.00, 0.93) | −0.01 (−1.06, 1.03) |
| −1.44 (−2.81, −0.08) | −1.21 (−2.41, −0.02) | −0.77 (−1.95, 0.42) | −0.41 (−1.47, 0.64) | −0.20 (−1.35, 0.95) | −0.19 (−1.31, 0.94) | −0.17 (−1.31, 0.97) |
| −1.48 (−2.57, −0.39) | −1.25 (−2.12, −0.38) | −0.81 (−1.72, 0.11) | −0.45 (−1.16, 0.25) | −0.24 (−0.99, 0.52) | −0.23 (−0.93, 0.48) | −0.21 (−1.20, 0.79) |
| −1.55 (−3.05, −0.06) | −1.32 (−2.66, 0.02) | −0.88 (−2.21, 0.45) | −0.52 (−1.74, 0.69) | −0.31 (−1.61, 0.99) | −0.30 (−1.58, 0.98) | −0.28 (−1.57, 1.01) |
| −1.58 (−2.75, −0.42) | −1.35 (−2.31, −0.39) | −0.91 (−1.91, 0.10) | −0.55 (−1.37, 0.27) | −0.34 (−1.20, 0.52) | −0.33 (−1.14, 0.49) | −0.31 (−1.38, 0.77) |
| −1.55 (−2.54, −0.55) | −1.32 (−2.06, −0.57) | −0.87 (−1.66, −0.08) | −0.52 (−1.06, 0.03) | −0.30 (−0.90, 0.30) | −0.29 (−0.83, 0.25) | −0.27 (−1.16, 0.62) |
| −1.73 (−3.20, −0.25) | −1.50 (−2.81, −0.18) | −1.05 (−2.40, 0.30) | −0.70 (−1.91, 0.52) | −0.48 (−1.73, 0.77) | −0.47 (−1.69, 0.75) | −0.45 (−1.85, 0.96) |
| −1.66 (−2.68, −0.65) | −1.43 (−2.21, −0.66) | −0.99 (−1.74, −0.23) | −0.63 (−1.16, −0.11) | −0.42 (−1.12, 0.28) | −0.41 (−1.06, 0.25) | −0.39 (−1.07, 0.30) |
| −1.65 (−2.53, −0.78) | −1.42 (−2.00, −0.84) | −0.98 (−1.62, −0.33) | −0.62 (−0.90, −0.34) | −0.41 (−0.79, −0.02) | −0.40 (−0.67, −0.12) | −0.38 (−1.13, 0.38) |
| −1.74 (−2.69, −0.80) | −1.51 (−2.19, −0.83) | −1.07 (−1.73, −0.40) | −0.71 (−1.10, −0.32) | −0.50 (−1.10, 0.11) | −0.49 (−1.04, 0.06) | −0.47 (−1.05, 0.11) |
| −2.00 (−3.56, −0.45) | −1.77 (−3.18, −0.36) | −1.33 (−2.76, 0.11) | −0.97 (−2.29, 0.34) | −0.76 (−2.10, 0.59) | −0.74 (−2.06, 0.57) | −0.73 (−2.22, 0.77) |
| −2.04 (−3.31, −0.77) | −1.81 (−2.89, −0.73) | −1.36 (−2.48, −0.24) | −1.01 (−1.97, −0.05) | −0.79 (−1.79, 0.20) | −0.78 (−1.74, 0.17) | −0.76 (−1.95, 0.42) |
| Stretch-balance training | ||||||
| −0.15 (−1.47, 1.16) | Qigong | |||||
| −0.19 (−1.32, 0.94) | −0.04 (−1.31, 1.23) | Tai Chi | ||||
| −0.26 (−1.71, 1.18) | −0.11 (−1.63, 1.40) | −0.07 (−1.48, 1.34) | CBT + BLT | |||
| −0.29 (−1.50, 0.91) | −0.14 (−1.48, 1.20) | −0.10 (−1.11, 0.91) | −0.03 (−1.50, 1.44) | CCBT | ||
| −0.26 (−1.29, 0.78) | −0.10 (−1.29, 1.09) | −0.06 (−0.86, 0.74) | 0.01 (−1.33, 1.34) | 0.04 (−0.86, 0.93) | Baduanjin + Qigong | |
| −0.43 (−1.94, 1.07) | −0.28 (−1.89, 1.33) | −0.24 (−1.59, 1.11) | −0.17 (−1.89, 1.55) | −0.14 (−1.05, 0.76) | −0.18 (−1.45, 1.09) | Mindfulness |
| −0.37 (−1.32, 0.57) | −0.22 (−1.27, 0.83) | −0.18 (−1.06, 0.70) | −0.11 (−1.32, 1.10) | −0.08 (−1.06, 0.89) | −0.12 (−0.88, 0.64) | 0.06 (−1.27, 1.39) |
| −0.36 (−1.29, 0.57) | −0.21 (−1.30, 0.89) | −0.17 (−0.82, 0.48) | −0.10 (−1.35, 1.15) | −0.07 (−0.84, 0.70) | −0.11 (−0.57, 0.36) | 0.07 (−1.11, 1.26) |
| −0.45 (−1.32, 0.42) | −0.30 (−1.28, 0.68) | −0.26 (−1.07, 0.55) | −0.19 (−1.34, 0.97) | −0.16 (−1.07, 0.75) | −0.20 (−0.87, 0.47) | −0.02 (−1.30, 1.26) |
| −0.71 (−2.29, 0.87) | −0.56 (−2.24, 1.13) | −0.52 (−1.96, 0.92) | −0.45 (−2.24, 1.35) | −0.42 (−1.45, 0.61) | −0.45 (−1.82, 0.91) | −0.28 (−1.45, 0.90) |
| −0.75 (−2.05, 0.55) | −0.60 (−2.02, 0.83) | −0.56 (−1.68, 0.57) | −0.49 (−2.04, 1.07) | −0.46 (−0.96, 0.04) | −0.49 (−1.52, 0.53) | −0.31 (−1.07, 0.44) |
| BLT | ||||
| 0.01 (−0.59, 0.61) | Conventional treatment | |||
| −0.08 (−0.44, 0.28) | −0.09 (−0.57, 0.39) | Sham control | ||
| −0.34 (−1.75, 1.08) | −0.35 (−1.63, 0.94) | −0.26 (−1.63, 1.11) | Yoga | |
| −0.38 (−1.47, 0.72) | −0.39 (−1.30, 0.53) | −0.30 (−1.33, 0.74) | −0.04 (−0.94, 0.86) | Waitlist |
rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; BLT, bright light therapy; CCBT, computerized cognitive behavioral therapy.