Table 1.
Clinical evidence for radioimmunotherapy-induced abscopal response.
| Study | Study Type | Type of Cancer | Treatment | Abscopal Response |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postow et al(2012) (79) | Case report | Melanoma | SBRT (28.5 Gy/3 fractions/9.5 Gy) + Ipilimumab | Positive |
| Golden et al(2015) (80) | Proof-of-principle trial | Metastatic solid tumors | RT (35 Gy/10 fractions/3.5 Gy) + GM-CSF | Positive in 11/ 41 patients (26.8%); Negative in 73.2% |
| Formenti et al(2018) (81) | Two-satge phase I/II | Metastatic NSCLC | SBRT (30 Gy/5 fractions/6 Gy in phase I, 28.5 Gy/3 fractions/9.5 Gy in phase II) + Ipilimumab | Positive in 12/39 patients (31%); Negative in 69% |
| Shaverdian et al(2017)/KEYNOTE-001 (83) | Phase I | Metastatic NSCLC | Previous RT + Pembrolizumab | Positive (mPFS 4·4 ms, mOS 10.7 ms) |
| Theelen et al(2019)/PEMBRO-RT (84) | Phase II | Metastatic NSCLC | Privious SBRT (24 Gy/3 fractions/8 Gy) + Pembrolizumab | Positive (12-week ORR 36%, mPFS 6.6 ms, mOS 15.9 ms) |
| Theelen et al(2021) (85) | Pooled analysis of phase II (PEMBRO-RT) and phase I/II (MDACC) | Metastatic NSCLC | PEMBRO-RT: Privious SBRT (24 Gy/3 fractions/8 Gy) + Pembrolizumab MDACC: Concurrent RT (50 Gy/4 fractions/12.5 Gy or 45 Gy/15 fractions/3 Gy) + Pembrolizumab |
Positive (best ARR 41.7%, best ACR 65.3%, mPFS 9.0 ms, mOS 19.2 ms) |
| Menon et al(2019) (95) | Post-hoc analysis of two phase I/II and one phase II | Metastatic tumors | LDRT (1-20 Gy total) + Ipilimumab or Pembrolizumab or other immunotherapy | Postive in 22/38 patients (58%); Negative in 42% |
SBRT, stereotactic body radiotherapy; Gy, gray; RT, radiation therapy; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; NSCLC, non-small-cell lung cancer; mPFS, median progression-free survival; mOS, median overall survival; ms, months; ORR, overall response rate; ARR, abscopal response rate; ACR, abscopal disease control rate; LDRT, low-dose radiation therapy.nical evidence for radioimmunotherapy-induced abscopal response.