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. 2024 Mar 5;14:5384. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55158-7

Table 2.

Adsorption isotherm parameters for MR and MO dye adsorption onto AC and ZnO@AC composite estimated from the non-linear models.

Isotherm model Parameter AC ZnO@AC composite
MR MO MR MO
Langmuir qm (mg/g) 38.408 ± 1.659 42.508 ± 1.919 45.992 ± 2.316 44.500 ± 2.356
KL (L/mg) 0.112 ± 0.020 0.210 ± 0.021 0.208 ± 0.048 0.261 ± 0.039
Adj. R2 0.968 0.990 0.953 0.951
X2 4.202 1.069 10.161 9.001
Freundlich Kf (L/g) 9.828 ± 1.502 3.417 ± 0.743 15.649 ± 2.109 13.601 ± 1.377
N 3.45 ± 0.039 2.101 ± 0.051 4.082 ± 0.0368 3.77 ± 0.027
Adj. R2 0.914 0.940 0.896 0.933
X2 11.308 6.151 22.397 9.262

pH = 3; temperature = 20 °C; initial dye concentration = 10–200 mg/L; adsorbent dose = 1.2 g/L; contact time = 45 min.