Table 3.
Characteristics of participants among tertiles of dietary nitrate and nitrite intake.
| Variables | TMAO (pg/ml) | KYN(nmol/l) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 ( ≤ 23.77) n = 80 | T2 (23.77-51.02) n = 78 | T3 (≥51.02) n = 92 | P value | P value * | T1 ( ≤ 225.35) n = 86 | T2 (225.35-417.41) n = 75 | T3 (≥417.41) N = 89 | P value | P value * | |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2533.72 (736.63) | 2599.24 (623.15) | 2799.74 (702.12) | 0.02 | - | 2530.20 (679.68) | 2668.01 (628.26) | 2729.16(783.19) | 0.04 | - |
| Macronutrient | ||||||||||
| Cho (gr/day) | 358.59(106.42) | 368.75(104.94) | 395.85(99.67) | 0.09 | < 0.001 | 361.21 (109.03) | 378.39 (92.25) | 382.65 (112.92) | 0.46 | < 0.001 |
| Fat (gr/day) | 82.96 (31.1) | 84.49 (23.16) | 91.03 (32.02) | 0.23 | < 0.001 | 81.28 (24.93) | 86.73 (28.08) | 90.37 (34.15) | 0.21 | < 0.001 |
| Protein (gr/day) | 99.02 (25.95) | 96.62 (28.63) | 108.12(30.88) | 0.04 | < 0.001 | 96.27 (25.98) | 102.05 (28.18) | 105.29 (32.16) | 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| Minerals | ||||||||||
| Ca (mg/day) | 1045.97 (391.04) | 919.42 (320.96) | 964.81 (390.87) | 0.12 | < 0.001 | 936.3 (343.9) | 1021.9(412.97) | 975.41(351.58) | 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| P (mg/day) | 1146.51 (378.66) | 1131.04 (381.29) | 1268.74 (473.68) | 0.1 | < 0.001 | 1138.16(373.2) | 1234.03(442.43) | 1175.7 (430.23) | 0.42 | < 0.001 |
| Mg (mg/day) | 248.17 (83.6) | 231.71 (71.97) | 235.04 (77.76) | 0.42 | < 0.001 | 236.41 (80.71) | 248.02 (77.32) | 230.71(74.91) | 0.42 | < 0.001 |
| Fe (mg/day) | 19.23 (6.23) | 19.78 (5.89) | 20.81 (5.96) | 0.29 | < 0.001 | 20.31 (5.53) | 20.65 (6.53) | 18.78 (6.03) | 0.17 | < 0.001 |
| Na (mg/day) | 3274.37 (978.86) | 3005.78 (1037.13) | 3140.41 (868.03) | 0.26 | < 0.001 | 3146.63(942.3) | 3230.34(1087.57) | 3034.34(878.44) | 0.52 | < 0.001 |
| K (mg/day) | 3147.59 (1124.34) | 2936.66 (1040.15) | 2933.67 (1124.89) | 0.43 | < 0.001 | 2957.02(1146.76) | 3197.87(1104.47) | 2873.5(1010.05) | 0.21 | < 0.001 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 8.21 (2.8) | 7.38 (2.33) | 7.61 (2.29) | 0.13 | < 0.001 | 7.71 (2.58) | 7.98 (2.6) | 7.51 (2.32) | 0.57 | < 0.001 |
| Copper (mg/day) | 1.24 (0.51) | 1.17 (0.53) | 1.17 (0.46) | 0.64 | < 0.001 | 1.24 (0.51) | 1.21 (0.49) | 1.12 (0.49) | 0.33 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamins | ||||||||||
| A (IU/day) | 1851.57 (1600.67) | 1868.07 (1378.57) | 2023.63 (2380.41) | 0.83 | 0.22 | 1792.42(1617.24) | 2149.16(1704.72) | 1804 (2073.79) | 0.43 | 0.02 |
| D (μg/day) | 1.63 (1.5) | 1.4 (1.24) | 1.59 (1.4) | 0.57 | 0.01 | 1.42 (1.17) | 1.66 (1.66) | 1.55 (1.29) | 0.11 | 0.01 |
| E (mg/day) | 3.14 (1.02) | 34.08 (1.05) | 3.17(1.15) | 0.87 | 0.18 | 3.07(1.02) | 3.21 (1.1) | 3.11(1.1) | 0.36 | < 0.001 |
| K (mg/day) | 166.19 (83.53) | 147.99 (63.06) | 142.84(58.91) | 0.13 | < 0.001 | 149.06 (1.17) | 161.17 (76.12) | 148.02 (60.4) | 0.29 | < 0.001 |
| B1 (mg/day) | 2.26 (0.56) | 2.05 (0.61) | 2.16 (0.6) | 0.1 | < 0.001 | 2.16 (0.53) | 2.2 (0.67) | 2.09 (0.6) | 0.18 | < 0.001 |
| B2 (mg/day) | 1.83 (0.71) | 1.62 (0.61) | 1.68 (0.68) | 0.16 | < 0.001 | 1.67 (0.6) | 1.8 (0.72) | 1.67 (0.63) | 0.47 | < 0.001 |
| B3 (mg/day) | 29.30 (7.95) | 26.41 (8.29) | 26.99 (6.97) | 0.07 | < 0.001 | 28.25 (7.16) | 28.32 (9.07) | 26.03 (7.2) | 0.16 | < 0.001 |
| B6 (mg/day) | 1.34 (0.57) | 1.34 (0.54) | 1.5 (0.73) | 0.23 | < 0.001 | 1.4 (0.56) | 1.48(0.71) | 1.3 (0.58) | 0.27 | < 0.001 |
| B12 (μg/day) | 3.34 (2.07) | 3.48 (2.51) | 4 (2.6) | 0.26 | < 0.001 | 3.39 (2.22) | 4.11 (2.83) | 3.37 (2.15) | 0.14 | < 0.001 |
| B9 (μg/day) | 305.95(110.13) | 281.93 (97.87) | 284.63(107.13) | 0.34 | < 0.001 | 293.67(116.24) | 299.83 (98.2) | 278.74 (98.33) | 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| Food groups | ||||||||||
| Grain | 558.80(171.47) | 503.45(176.27) | 540.52(138.76) | 0.12 | < 0.001 | 538.61(153.51) | 532.18 (18.83) | 528.77 (154.12) | 0.23 | < 0.001 |
| Fruits | 308.48 (151.8) | 294.92(183.82) | 291.05(203.94) | 0.14 | < 0.001 | 299.05 (177.35) | 1319.87 (195.45) | 275.98 (165.06) | 0.18 | < 0.001 |
| Vegetables | 349.54(233.91) | 347.15(185.32) | 339.71(189.05) | 0.15 | < 0.001 | 363.31 (173.04) | 343.73 (226.93) | 330.65 (202.68) | 0.24 | < 0.001 |
| Meats | 44.31 (19.78) | 48.43 (30.11) | 50.96 (29.38) | 0.37 | < 0.001 | 42.84 (20.6) | 49.78 (28.6) | 51.06 (30.34) | 0.17 | < 0.001 |
| Dairy | 366.57 (250.3) | 316.65(186.87) | 327.26 (212.1) | 0.16 | < 0.001 | 317.54 (211.4) | 364.34 (248.88) | 331.1 (189.97) | 0.32 | < 0.001 |
All data are presented as mean (±SD). P < 0.05 were considered significant. P-value* for adjustment model, based on energy intake. Bold values indicate p < 0.05.