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. 2024 Feb 21;14:1353971. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1353971

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Copyright © 2024 Szabó, Crowe, Mamotte and Strappe

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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SARS-CoV-2 viral life cycle. (1) Interaction of the S protein with ACE2 initiates viral entry, which proceeds via (A) TMPRSS2-mediated fusion of the viral and cellular membranes or (B) endocytosis and CatL-mediated fusion of the viral and endosomal membranes. (2) Once the genome enters the cytoplasm, ORF1ab is expressed as the polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab which are cleaved by viral proteases into NSPs that make up the RTC. (3) The remainder of the genome is transcribed by the RTC into a nested set of subgenomic RNAs, which are translated to form structural and accessory proteins. (4) Proteins are translocated to the ERGIC where assembly begins. (5) Viral progeny are translocated to the cell membrane and released by exocytosis.