Table 7.
Comparison of DHP18 subscales across clinical and psychological determinants.
| Clinical determinants | N | DHP | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychological distress | Barriers to activity | Disinhibite eating | ||||||
| M ± SD | ES* | M ± SD | ES* | M ± SD | ES* | |||
| Duration of diabetes (years) | <1 | 95 | 20.50 ± 18.40 | 14.80 ± 14.90 | 22.70 ± 22.10 | |||
| 1 ~ 5 | 214 | 21.30 ± 18.80 | 16.70 ± 16.40 | 22.90 ± 20.90 | ||||
| ≥5 | 161 | 20.20 ± 16.00 | 0.00 | 15.70 ± 16.10 | 0.00 | 20.70 ± 19.70 | 0.00 | |
| HbA1C (%) | ≤7 | 124 | 19.40 ± 16.80 | 14.70 ± 15.40 | 17.60 ± 23.60 | |||
| >7 | 344 | 21.20 ± 18.20 | −0.12 | 16.40 ± 16.20 | −0.19 | 23.60 ± 21.20 | −0.38*** | |
| Regular medical visits | Yes | 121 | 20.90 ± 18.00 | 16.70 ± 17.00 | 19.60 ± 19.00 | |||
| No | 347 | 21.00 ± 17.90 | −0.01 | 16.00 ± 15.50 | 0.04 | 23.70 ± 21.60 | −0.20* | |
| Diabetes related therapy | Oral medication | 305 | 20.60 ± 17.30 | 15.60 ± 16.00 | 21.90 ± 21.30 | |||
| Insulin | 24 | 16.90 ± 16.30 | 19.00 ± 16.60 | 21.70 ± 19.50 | ||||
| Oral medication and insulin | 139 | 21.90 ± 19.10 | 0.00 | 16.30 ± 16.00 | 0.00 | 22.60 ± 19.80 | 0.00 | |
| Psychological determinants | ||||||||
| PIAD score | ≥40 | 47 | 39.40 ± 19.20 | 33.40 ± 18.00 | 40.60 ± 22.70 | |||
| <40 | 398 | 18.70 ± 15.80 | −1.27*** | 14.30 ± 14.60 | −1.28*** | 20.20 ± 19.30 | −1.03*** | |
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. ES, Effect Size; M, Mean; SD, Standard Deviation.