Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and outcomes of all participants and by the mindfulness psycho-behavioral intervention.
| Characteristics | All (n=178) | Intervention group (n=89) | Control group (n=89) | P value | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 58.73 (8.90) | 59.48 (8.95) | 58.02 (8.90) | .28 | ||
| Sex, n (%) | .52 | |||||
|
|
Male | 122 (68.5) | 59 (66.3) | 63 (70.8) |
|
|
|
|
Female | 56 (31.5) | 30 (33.7) | 26 (29.2) |
|
|
| Marital status, n (%) | .41 | |||||
|
|
Married | 172 (96.6) | 87 (97.8) | 85 (95.5) |
|
|
|
|
Single, separated, divorced, or widowed | 6 (3.4) | 2 (2.2) | 4 (4.5) |
|
|
| Educational level, n (%) | .49 | |||||
|
|
Primary education | 34 (19.1) | 20 (22.5) | 14 (15.7) |
|
|
|
|
Secondary education | 113 (63.5) | 55 (61.8) | 58 (65.2) |
|
|
|
|
Tertiary education | 31 (17.4) | 14 (15.7) | 17 (19.1) |
|
|
| Employment status, n (%) | .35 | |||||
|
|
Employed | 66 (37.1) | 30 (33.7) | 36 (40.4) |
|
|
|
|
Unemployed, farmer, retired, or freelance | 112 (62.9) | 59 (66.3) | 53 (59.6) |
|
|
| Monthly income (CNY ¥a), n (%) | .75 | |||||
|
|
<1500 | 27 (15.2) | 12 (13.5) | 15 (16.8) |
|
|
|
|
1500-3000 | 68 (38.2) | 36 (40.4) | 32 (36) |
|
|
|
|
≥3000 | 83 (46.6) | 41 (46.1) | 42 (47.2) |
|
|
| Episode of ACSb, n (%) | .13 | |||||
|
|
First | 104 (58.4) | 57 (64) | 47 (52.8) |
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|
|
|
Recurrent | 74 (41.6) | 32 (36) | 42 (47.2) |
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|
| Percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention, n (%) | .05 | |||||
|
|
Yes | 79 (44.4) | 33 (37.1) | 46 (51.7) |
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|
|
|
No | 99 (55.6) | 56 (62.9) | 43 (48.3) |
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|
| NYHAc functional classification, n (%) | .37 | |||||
|
|
I | 83 (46.6) | 45 (50.6) | 38 (42.7) |
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|
|
|
II | 65 (36.5) | 30 (33.7) | 35 (39.3) |
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|
|
|
III | 21 (11.8) | 8 (9.0) | 13 (14.6) |
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|
|
|
IV | 9 (5.1) | 6 (6.7) | 3 (3.4) |
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|
| LVEFd (%), mean (SD) | 56.61 (10.69) | 57.00 (8.66) | 56.21 (10.57) | .59 | ||
| Number of comorbidities, mean (SD) | 1.13 (0.87) | 1.06 (0.82) | 1.20 (0.92) | .26 | ||
| Depression (PHQ-9e), mean (SD) | 5.66 (3.30) | 5.37 (3.26) | 5.96 (3.34) | .24 | ||
| Anxiety (GAD-7f), mean (SD) | 38 (2.97) | 5.25 (2.96) | 5.48 (2.93) | .59 | ||
| Psychological stress (PSS-10g), mean (SD) | 16.24 (4.54) | 16.35 (4.66) | 16.12 (4.45) | .74 | ||
| HRQoLh (HeartQoL), mean (SD) | ||||||
|
|
Physical HRQoL | 1.89 (0.61) | 1.91 (0.63) | 1.87 (0.58) | .67 | |
|
|
Emotional HRQoL | 2.18 (0.70) | 2.19 (0.74) | 2.17 (0.65) | .92 | |
|
|
General HRQoL | 1.98 (0.56) | 1.99 (0.58) | 1.96 (0.54) | .70 | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | .86 | |||||
|
|
Nonsmoker | 133 (74.7) | 66 (74.2) | 67 (75.3) |
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|
|
|
Current smoker | 45 (25.3) | 23 (25.8) | 22 (24.7) |
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|
| Physical activity (IPAQ-SFi) (MET·min/wk), mean (SD) | 712.78 (665.45) | 727.85 (686.95) | 697.70 (646.78) | .76 | ||
| Dietary behavior (HPLP-IIj nutrition subscale), mean (SD) | 2.43 (0.37) | 2.46 (0.38) | 2.40 (0.35) | .26 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.10 (3.72) | 24.98 (3.66) | 25.10 (3.20) | .81 | ||
| Systolic BPk (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 126.06 (17.29) | 126.64 (18.08) | 125.48 (16.55) | .66 | ||
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 75.92 (10.24) | 75.47 (10.03) | 76.36 (10.48) | .56 | ||
| LDL-Cl (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 2.24 (0.82) | 2.22 (0.82) | 2.26 (0.82) | .76 | ||
| HDL-Cm (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.09 (0.91, 1.30) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.25) | 1.12 (0.92, 1.37) | .20 | ||
| TGn (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.36 (1.00-1.99) | 1.36 (0.98-2.00) | 1.36 (1.02-2.04) | .75 | ||
| TCo (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.00 (1.07) | 3.90 (1.02) | 4.10 (1.12) | .22 | ||
| FBGp (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 5.47 (4.74-6.51) | 5.56 (4.89-6.93) | 5.22 (4.69-6.28) | .31 | ||
aCNY ¥: Chinese yuan, US $1=CNY ¥6.90 at the time of the study (2020).
bACS: acute coronary syndrome.
cNYHA: New York Heart Association.
dLVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.
ePHQ-9: 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire.
fGAD-7: 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
gPSS-10: 10-item Perceived Stress Scale.
hHRQoL: health-related quality of life.
iIPAQ-SF: International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form.
jHPLP-II: Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II.
kBP: blood pressure.
lLDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
mHDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
nTG: triglyceride.
oTC: total cholesterol.
pFBG: fasting blood glucose.