Table 2.
Generalized estimating equation analyses for the comparison of depression and anxiety of the mindfulness psycho-behavioral intervention programa.
| Outcome and time point | Intervention group | Control group | Group effectb | Time effectc | Group×time effectd | ||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | Effect size | P value | ||||||||||||
| Depression (PHQ-9e, total score range 0-27)f | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
T0 | 5.37 (3.26) | 5.96 (3.34) | –0.584 (–1.548 to 0.379) | .24 | N/Ag | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||
|
|
T1 | 3.72 (3.03) | 6.32 (3.19) | N/A | N/A | 0.365 (–0.060 to 0.790) | .09 | –2.016 (–2.584 to –1.449) | –1.28 | <.001 | |||||||||||
|
|
T2 | 2.53 (2.39) | 5.20 (3.02) | N/A | N/A | –0.755 (–1.255 to –0.256) | .003 | –2.089 (–2.777 to –1.402) | –1.12 | <.001 | |||||||||||
| Anxiety (GAD-7h, total score range 0-21)f | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
T0 | 5.25 (2.96) | 5.48 (2.93) | –0.236 (–1.096 to 0.625) | .59 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||
|
|
T1 | 4.07 (2.38) | 5.33 (2.71) | N/A | N/A | –0.150 (–0.555 to 0.255) | .47 | –1.024 (–1.551 to –0.497) | –0.83 | <.001 | |||||||||||
|
|
T2 | 1.63 (2.03) | 2.80 (2.45) | N/A | N/A | –2.683 (–3.121 to –2.245) | <.001 | –0.932 (–1.519 to –0.346) | –0.70 | .002 | |||||||||||
aThe control group (group =0) and the baseline measurement (time =0) were set as the reference categories in the generalized estimating equation model and its corresponding null variables.
bGroup effect was defined as group differences at baseline between intervention and control groups.
cTime effect at T1 is defined as change of scores for the control group at T1 compared with T0; T2 is defined as change of scores for the control group at T2 compared with T0.
dGroup×time effect at T1 defined as additional change of scores for the intervention group compared with the control group at T1; T2 defined as additional change of scores for the intervention group compared with the control group at T2. Effect sizes were estimated using Cohen d statistic for continuous outcomes and odds ratio for binary outcomes.
ePHQ-9: 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire.
fIntervention and control group data are presented as mean (SD).
gN/A: not applicable.
hGAD-7: 7-item General Anxiety Disorder.