Table 3.
Generalized estimating equation analyses for the comparison of psychological stress and health-related quality of life of the mindfulness psycho-behavioral intervention programa.
| Outcome and time point | Intervention group | Control group | Group effectb | Time effectc | Group×time effectd | ||||||||||||||||
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β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | Effect size | P value | ||||||||||||
| Psychological stress (PSS-10e, total score range 0-40)f | |||||||||||||||||||||
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T0 | 16.35 (4.66) | 16.12 (4.45) | 0.225 (–1.106 to 1.555) | .74 | N/Ag | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||
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T1 | 14.59 (4.71) | 15.55 (4.59) | N/A | N/A | –0.577 (–0.950 to –0.204) | .002 | –1.186 (–1.678 to –0.694) | –1.41 | <.001 | |||||||||||
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T2 | 14.00 (4.52) | 15.04 (4.60) | N/A | N/A | –1.081 (–1.538 to –0.624) | <.001 | –1.268 (–1.992 to –0.544) | –1.17 | .001 | |||||||||||
| Physical HRQoL (Physical HeartQoLh, subscale score range 0-30)f | |||||||||||||||||||||
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T0 | 1.91 (0.63) | 1.87 (0.58) | 0.039 (–0.139 to 0.217) | .66 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||
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T1 | 2.11 (0.62) | 1.98 (0.58) | N/A | N/A | 0.110 (0.048 to 0.172) | <.001 | 0.088 (0.008 to 0.167) | 0.72 | .03 | |||||||||||
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T2 | 2.13 (0.61) | 2.09 (0.58) | N/A | N/A | 0.213 (0.131 to 0.295) | <.001 | 0.004 (–0.099 to 0.107) | 0.12 | .94 | |||||||||||
| Emotional HRQoL (Emotional HeartQoL, subscale score range 0-12)f | |||||||||||||||||||||
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T0 | 2.19 (0.74) | 2.17 (0.65) | 0.011 (–0.193 to 0.215) | .91 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||
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T1 | 2.52 (0.63) | 2.21 (0.61) | N/A | N/A | 0.036 (–0.062 to 0.134) | .47 | 0.294 (0.169 to 0.419) | 0.81 | <.001 | |||||||||||
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T2 | 2.55 (0.63) | 2.29 (0.55) | N/A | N/A | 0.115 (–0.001 to 0.232) | .05 | 0.249 (0.102 to 0.395) | 0.62 | .001 | |||||||||||
| General HRQoL (General HeartQoL, total score range 0-42)f | |||||||||||||||||||||
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T0 | 1.99 (0.58) | 1.96 (0.54) | 0.031 (–0.133 to 0.195) | .71 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||
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T1 | 2.23 (0.54) | 2.05 (0.51) | N/A | N/A | 0.089 (0.029 to 0.148) | .003 | 0.147 (0.070 to 0.224) | 1.07 | <.001 | |||||||||||
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T2 | 2.25 (0.53) | 2.15 (0.48) | N/A | N/A | 0.185 (0.111 to 0.260) | <.001 | 0.073 (–0.021 to 0.167) | 0.47 | .13 | |||||||||||
aThe control group (group =0) and the baseline measurement (time =0) were set as the reference categories in the generalized estimating equation model and its corresponding null variables.
bGroup effect was defined as group differences at baseline between intervention and control groups.
cTime effect at T1 is defined as change of scores for the control group at T1 compared with T0; T2 is defined as change of scores for the control group at T2 compared with T0.
dGroup×time effect at T1 defined as additional change of scores for the intervention group compared with the control group at T1; T2 defined as additional change of scores for the intervention group compared with the control group at T2. Effect sizes were estimated using Cohen d statistic for continuous outcomes and odds ratio for binary outcomes.
ePSS-10: 10-item Perceived Stress Scale.
fIntervention and control group data are presented as mean (SD).
gN/A: not applicable.
hHRQoL: health-related quality of life.