Table 4.
Generalized estimating equation analyses for the comparison of cardiovascular risk factors of the mindfulness psycho-behavioral intervention programa.
| Outcome and time point | Intervention group | Control group | Group effectb | Time effectc | Group×time effectd | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | Effect size | P value | |||||||||
| Smoking status (current smoker)e | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
T0 | 23 (25.8) | 22 (24.7) | 0.059 (–0.617 to 0.736) | .86 | N/Af | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
|
|
T2 | 6 (7.9) | 9 (12.9) | N/A | N/A | –0.800 (–1.358 to –0.242) | .005 | –0.603 (–1.532 to 0.327) | 0.55 | .20 | ||||||||
| Physical activity (IPAQ-SFg, MET•min/week)h | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
T0 | 727.85 (686.95) | 697.70 (646.78) | 30.152 (–164.766 to 225.069) | .76 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
|
|
T2 | 881.41 (605.83) | 673.71 (541.13) | N/A | N/A | –23.988 (–127.430 to 79.454) | .65 | 177.542 (39.073 to 316.011) | 0.51 | .01 | ||||||||
| Dietary behavior (HPLP-IIi nutrition subscale, total score range 9-36)h | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
T0 | 2.46 (0.38) | 2.40 (0.35) | 0.061 (–0.045 to 0.168) | .26 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
|
|
T2 | 2.88 (0.36) | 2.75 (0.34) | N/A | N/A | 0.353 (0.309 to 0.397) | <.001 | 0.069 (0.003 to 0.136) | 0.75 | .04 | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2)h | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
T0 | 24.98 (3.66) | 25.10 (3.20) | –0.121 (–1.126 to 0.883) | .81 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
|
|
T2 | 24.38 (3.59) | 24.90 (3.11) | N/A | N/A | –0.203 (–0.557 to 0.150) | .26 | –0.403 (–0.835 to 0.030) | –0.46 | .07 | ||||||||
| Systolic BPj (mmHg)h | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
T0 | 126.64 (18.08) | 125.48 (16.55) | 1.157 (–3.906 to 6.221) | .65 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
|
|
T2 | 121.97 (14.44) | 124.14 (16.37) | N/A | N/A | –1.340 (–3.073 to 0.393) | .13 | –3.326 (–5.928 to –0.725) | –1.32 | .01 | ||||||||
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)h | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
T0 | 75.47 (10.03) | 76.36 (10.48) | –0.888 (–3.884 to 2.108) | .56 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
|
|
T2 | 73.12 (9.29) | 75.10 (9.24) | N/A | N/A | –1.260 (–2.546 to 0.027) | .06 | –1.094 (–2.772 to 0.584) | –0.67 | .20 | ||||||||
| LDL-Ck (mmol/L)h | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
T0 | 2.22 (0.82) | 2.26 (0.82) | –0.037 (–0.276 to 0.202) | .76 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
|
|
T2 | 2.14 (0.75) | 2.16 (0.79) | N/A | N/A | –0.100 (–0.199 to –0.001) | .05 | 0.025 (–0.112 to 0.162) | 0.07 | .72 | ||||||||
| HDL-Cl (mmol/L)m | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
T0 | 1.00 (0.90-1.25) | 1.12 (0.92-1.37) | –0.121(–0.247 to 0.006) | .06 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
|
|
T2 | 1.18 (0.95-1.37) | 1.15 (1.00-1.45) | N/A | N/A | 0.043 (–0.025 to 0.112) | .21 | 0.043 (–0.034 to 0.121) | –0.04 | .27 | ||||||||
| TGn (mmol/L)m | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
T0 | 1.36 (0.98-2.00) | 1.36 (1.02, 2.04) | –0.051(–0.411 to 0.309) | .78 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
|
|
T2 | 1.26 (0.87-1.96) | 1.25 (0.99-1.90) | N/A | N/A | –0.104 (–0.245 to 0.037) | .15 | –0.015 (–0.185 to 0.155) | –0.27 | .86 | ||||||||
| TCo (mmol/L)h | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
T0 | 3.90 (1.02) | 4.10 (1.12) | –0.195 (–0.508 to 0.117) | .22 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
|
|
T2 | 3.96 (0.92) | 4.07 (0.93) | N/A | N/A | –0.025 (–0.157 to 0.107) | .71 | 0.080 (–0.096 to 0.257) | 0.15 | .37 | ||||||||
| FBGp (mmol/L)m | ||||||||||||||||||
|
|
T0 | 5.56 (4.89-6.93) | 5.22 (4.69-6.28) | 0.246 (–0.292 to 0.784) | .37 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||
|
|
T2 | 5.35 (4.80-6.49) | 5.21 (4.61-6.27) | N/A | N/A | –0.169 (–0.327 to –0.012) | .04 | –0.101 (–0.363 to 0.160) | –0.19 | .45 | ||||||||
aThe control group (group =0) and the baseline measurement (time =0) were set as the reference categories in the generalized estimating equation model and its corresponding null variables.
bGroup effect was defined as group differences at baseline between intervention and control groups.
cTime effect at T1 is defined as change of scores for the control group at T1 compared with T0; T2 is defined as change of scores for the control group at T2 compared with T0.
dGroup×time effect at T1 defined as additional change of scores for the intervention group compared with the control group at T1; T2 defined as additional change of scores for the intervention group compared with the control group at T2. Effect sizes were estimated using Cohen d statistic for continuous outcomes and odds ratio for binary outcomes.
eIntervention and control group data are presented as n (%).
fN/A: not applicable.
gIPAQ-SF: International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form.
hIntervention and control group data are presented as mean (SD).
iHPLP-II: health-promoting lifestyle profile-II.
jBP: blood pressure.
kLDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
lHDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
mIntervention and control group data are presented as median (IQR).
nTG: triglyceride.
oTC: total cholesterol.
pFBG: fasting blood glucose.