Table 2.
Natural mycotoxin degradation/detoxification by biotransformation or binding mycotoxins using target enzymes, yeasts, microorganisms or fungi.
| Natural mycotoxin degradation by enzymes, yeasts, microorganisms or fungi | Degradation/detoxification or binding mycotoxins | References |
|---|---|---|
| Oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus | Detoxification of OTA | Nobre et al. (187) |
| Lactobacillus strains, e.g., Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain | Binding AFs | Bovo et al. (62); Afshar et al. (188) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast | Binding AFs | Chlebicz and Śliżewska (189) |
| Mucor sp., Phoma sp., Rhizopus sp. 663, Rhizopus sp. 668, Rhizopus sp. 710, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma sp. 639, Alternaria sp., Bacillus subtilis and target Sporotrichum strains | Degradation capacity against AFs is nearly 65–99% | Shantha (190); Kabak and Var (191); Gerbaldo et al. (192); Xia et al. (193) |
| Flavobacterium aurantiacum | Remove AFs | Bhatnagar et al. (194) |
| Eubacterium strain BBSH 797 | Degradation of DON to non-toxic de-epoxy-DON | Binder et al. (195) |
| Yeast strain of Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans | Detoxification of OTA and ZEA | Molnar et al. (196) |
| Yeast strain of T. mycotoxinivorans | Degradation of ZEA to non-toxic metabolite ZOM-1 | Vekiru et al. (197) |
| T. mycotoxinivorans and Eubacterium BBSH 797 | In vivo degradation of DON, ZEA and OTA | Binder et al. (195); Politis et al. (198); Varga et al. (199) |
| Komagataella pastoris | Detoxification of FUMs | Hartinger and Moll (200) |
| Alicyclobacillus spp | Degradation of PAT in juce | Yuan et al. (201) |
| Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae | PAT degradation | Moss and Long (202) |
| Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) | PAT removal | Hatab et al. (203) |
| Lactobacillus plantarum | PAT degradation to hydroascladiol | Hawar et al. (204) |
| Byssochlamys nivea (FF1-2) | PAT degradation | Zhang et al. (205) |
| Yeasts Sporobolomyces sp. strain IAM 13481 and Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae strain LS11 | PAT degradation to less toxic compounds such as desoxypatulinic acid | Castoria et al. (206); Ianiri et al. (207) |
| yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum | PAT degradation to desoxypatulinic acid | Zhu et al. (208) |
| Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae | PAT degradation to E-ascladiol and Z-ascladiol | Moss and Long (202) |
| Gluconobacter oxydans | PAT degradation to E-ascladiol and Z-ascladiol in apple juice | Ricelli et al. (87) |
| Bacillus licheniformis Sl-1, CM 21 | Degradation capacity against OTA is between 35 and 98% | Petchkongkaew et al. (209); Shi et al. (210) |
| Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain | Degradation of OTA to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Hwang and Draughon (211); De Bellis et al. (212) |
| Pediococcus parvulus UTAD 473 | Degradation of OTA (80–90%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Abrunhosa et al. (213) |
| Lactobacillus plantarum, L. sanfrancisco, L. brevis, yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Degradation capacity against OTA is 50–54% | Piotrowska and Zakowska (214); Piotrowska (215) |
| Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ASAG1 | Degradation of OTA (98%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Chang et al. (216) |
| Brevibacterium casei; B. linens; B. iodinum; B. epidermidis | Degradation of OTA (100%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Rodriguez et al. (217) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus | Degradation of PAT and OTA | Fuchs et al. (218) |
| Bacillus licheniformis | Degradation capacity against AFB1 is about 74% | Petchkongkaew et al. (209) |
| B. subtilis | Degradation capacity against AFB1 is about 85% | Petchkongkaew et al. (209) |
| Eubacterium biforme MM11 isolated from swine intestinal microbiota | Degradation capacity against AFB1 and OTA is about 77–100% | Upadhaya et al. (219) |
| Eubacterium callanderi, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, S. asaccharolytica, Stenotrophomonas nitritreducens | Degradation of OTA (95–100%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Schatzmayr et al. (51, 220) |
| Cupriavidus basilensis ŐR16 strain isolated from soil | Degradation of OTA (100%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Ferenczi et al. (221) |
| Bacillus subtilis CW 14 | Degradation capacity against OTA is up to 97% | Shi et al. (222) |
| Brevundimonas vermicularis B-1, Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica Y-2 | Degradation capacity against OTA is about 84–87% | Wang et al. (223) |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. breve, Lactobacillus casei, L. delbrueckii bulgaricus, L. johnsonii, L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. salivarius, L. plantarum | Degradation of OTA (30–97%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Luz et al. (224) |
| Aspergillus niger GX312, A. japonicus AX35, A. carbonarius SA332 | Degradation of OTA (83–99%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Bejaoui et al. (225) |
| Aspergillus tubingensis M036, M074 | Degradation of OTA (up to 95%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Cho et al. (226) |
| A. niger, A. carbonarius, A. fumigatus, A. clavatus, A. ochraceus, A. versicolor, A. wentii, A. japonicus, Cladosporium sp., P. aurantiogriseum, P. spinulosum, Botrytis cinerea, isolated from grapes | Degradation of OTA (up to 80%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Abrunhosa et al. (227); Bejaoui et al. (228); Valero et al. (229) |
| Pleurotus ostreatus | Degradation of OTA (up to 77%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Engelhardt (230) |
| Rhizopus stolonifer, R. microsporus, R. homothallicus, R. oryzae, R. stolonifer | Degradation of OTA (up to 96,5%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Varga et al. (231) |
| Aspergillus niger M00120 | Degradation of OTA (up to 99%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Xiong et al. (232) |
| Aureobasidium pullulans AU14-3-1, AU18-3B, AU34-2, LS30 | Degradation of OTA (75–90%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | De Felice et al. (233) |
| Yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kloeckera apiculata, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida pulcherima, Candida friedrichii, Candida intermedia, Lachancea thermotolerans, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Torulaspora delbrueckii | Degradation of OTA (25–84%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Cecchini et al. (234); Angioni et al. (235); Fiori et al. (236); Farbo et al. (237) |
| Yeast strains Trichosporon sp. DSM 14153, DSM 14156, DSM 14162, 178; Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans MTV, 115; Rhodotorula sp. DSM 14155, 124; Cryptococcus 118 | Degradation of OTA (80–100%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Schatzmayr et al. (51, 220, 238); Molnar et al. (196) |
| Yeast strain Yarrowia lipolytica | Degradation capacity against OTA is about 88% | Yang et al. (239) |
| Yeast strain Phaffia rhodozyma CBS 5905 | Degradation of OTA (90%) to non-toxic metabolite OTα and adsorb 23% of OTA | Péteri et al. (240) |
| Yeast strains Metschnikowia pulcherrima MACH1, M320; Kloeckera lindneri GAL5; Pichia guilliermondii M8, M29; Rhodococcus erythropolis AR14 | Degradation capacity against OTA is between 26 and 84% | Patharajan et al. (241) |
| Stenotrophomonas sp. CW117, Luteimonas sp. CW574, Silanimonas sp. CW282, Lysobacter sp. CW239 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa N17-1 | OTA degradation | Chen et al. (181) |
| Candida guilliermondii | PAT degradation | Chen et al. (242) |
| Candida famata, Candida guilliermondii, Candida lusitaniae, Cryptococcus laurentii, Kloeckera spp., Rhodotorula glutinis from Turkish wine-grapes | OTA degradation | Var et al. (243) |
| Acetobacter syzygii, Lactobacillus kefiri | Degradation of AFB1, OTA and ZEA | Taheur et al. (244) |
| Actinobacterial strains, e.g., Streptomyces AT10, AT8, SN7, G10, PT1 | OTA degradation (arround 22–52%) and/or adsorbtion (around 16–33%) | Khoury et al. (245) |
| Oenococcus oeni, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pediococcus acidilactici from grape must or wine | OTA degradation | Del Prete et al. (246) |
| Oenococcus oeni isolated from wine | OTA degradation | Mateo et al. (247) |
| Carboxypeptidase produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Phaffia rhodozyma, Acinetobacter sp. neg1 | Degradation of OTA to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Péteri et al. (240); Chang et al. (216); Liuzzi et al. (248) |
| Carboxypeptidase A produced in bovine pancreas | Degradation of OTA to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Pitout (249); Deberghes et al. (250); Abrunhosa et al. (251) |
| Carboxypeptidase Y produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Degradation of OTA to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Abrunhosa et al. (252) |
| A crude enzyme Ancex | OTA degradation | Abrunhosa et al. (251) |
| Lipase A produced by Aspergillus niger | Degradation of OTA to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Stander et al. (253) |
| Hydrolase produced by Aspergillus niger | Degradation of OTA to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Abrunhosa et al. (254) |
| Protease A produced by Aspergillus niger | Degradation of OTA to non-toxic metabolite OTα | Abrunhosa et al. (251) |
| A crude metalloenzyme produced by Aspergillus niger | OTA hydrolization | Abrunhosa and Venancio (255) |
| Enzymes polyphenol oxidase or peroxidase | Decrease PAT content in fruits | Chen et al. (256) |
| Glucose oxidase or peroxidase | Decrease Alternaria mycotoxin alternariol (AOH) in fruits | Tittlemier et al. (257); Sun et al. (258) |
| CotA laccase from Bacillus licheniformis ZOM-1 | Degradation of ZEA, AFs and AOH | Sun et al. (258) |