Table 3.

Natural antagonists such as yeasts, microorganisms, fungi or biologically active substances against the growth of target mycotoxin producing fungi.

Natural antagonists such as yeasts, microorganisms, fungi or biologically active substances against target mycotoxin producing fungi	Suppression the growth of following fungi and subsequent mycotoxin production	References
Lactobacillus plantarum	Suppression the fungal growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and Penicillium expansum and subsequent production of AFs and PAT	Luz et al. (275)
Bacillus subtilis strains	Suppression the fungal growth of Fusarium strains and subsequent FUMs production	Jouany (48)
Actinobacterial strains, e.g., Streptomyces MS1, ML5 and G10	Inhibition of the expression of some biosynthesis genes of OTA in Aspergillus carbonarius	Khoury et al. (245)
Non toxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains	Displace mycotoxigenic strains by biocompetition and decrease AFs content in the feedstuffs or food commodities	Cole and Cotty (278); Moral et al. (279)
Rhodotorula glutinis LS11	Suppression the fungal growth of Penicillium expansum and subsequent production of PAT	Castoria et al. (280)
Pichia ohmeri	Suppression the fungal growth of Penicillium expansum and subsequent production of PAT	Coelho et al. (281)
Pichia caribbica yeast	Suppression of blue mold rot and subsequent PAT production in apples	Cao et al. (282)
Candida sake CPA-2 and Pantoea agglomerans CPA-1	Suppression the fungal growth of Penicillium expansum and subsequent production of PAT	Morales et al. (283)
Yeast species of ascomycota (Pichia ohmeri 158 and Candida guilliermondii P3)	Suppression the fungal growth of Penicillium expansum and subsequent production of PAT	Coelho et al. (284)
Candida membranifaciens and Torulaspora delbrueckii	Suppression the fungal growth of Penicillium expansum and subsequent production of PAT	Farahani et al. (285); Ebrahimi et al. (286)
Dip treatment of apples with suspension of microorganisms Pseudomonas fluorescens or Bacillus subtilis	Suppression the fungal growth of Penicillium expansum during the cold storage and subsequent production of PAT on apples	Narayanasamy and Narayanasamy (287); Wallace et al. (288)
Pseudomonas syringae	Suppression of postharvest fungal growth of Botrytis cinerea and P. expansum on apples and subsequent production of PAT	Zhou et al. (271)
Predacious yeast Saccharomycopsis schoenii	Biological control of fungal growth of Penicillium italicum, P. digitatum and P. expansum by true predation	Pimenta et al. (289)
Polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids and silymarin	Suppression the fungal growth of Aspergillus flavus and subsequent production of AFs	Zhou et al. (64); Shen et al. (63); Valencia-Quintana et al. (83)
The essential oils such as cinnamon and clove oil	Decrease PAT contamination in apples	Sivakumar and Bautista-Baños (84)
Plants extracts of essential oils and monoterpenoids	Suppression the fungal growth of Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium expansum and Verticillium dahliae and subsequent mycotoxin production	Kadoglidou et al. (85)
Garlic extract and garlic vapor exposure of apples	Suppression the fungal growth of Penicillium expansum and subsequent production of PAT	Ikeura et al. (86)
Lentinula edodes lyophilised filtrates	Stimulation of A. parasiticus anti-oxidant enzymes production (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and suppression of AFs production by A. parasiticus	Reverberi et al. (88)
Vanillic acid	Inhibition of OTA production and growth of Aspergillus species.	Palumbo et al. (89)