Table 2.

Factors associated with cyberbullying and cyber-victimisation in study participants (n=450)

Variables	Cyberbullying (n=65)					Cyber-victimisation (n=89)
	n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P value	AOR (95% CI)	P value	n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P value	AOR (95% CI)	P value
Age
16 ref.	10 (16.9)					16 (27.1)
17	23 (12.9)	0.72 (0.32 to 1.63)	0.440	0.79 (0.30 to 2.08)	0.639	39 (21.9)	0.75 (0.38 to 1.48)	0.412	0.81 (0.37 to 1.75)	0.596
18	25 (16.0)	0.93 (0.41 to 2.08)	0.870	1.23 (0.40 to 3.74)	0.705	23 (14.7)	0.46 (0.22 to 0.95)	0.038*	0.55 (0.22 to 1.38)	0.211
19	7 (12.3)	0.68 (0.24 to 1.94)	0.479	0.66 (0.16 to 2.65)	0.559	11 (19.3)	0.64 (0.26 to 1.53)	0.321	0.99 (0.33 to 2.97)	0.995
Gender
Female ref.	8 (3.3)					34 (13.9)
Male	57 (47.8)	11.40 (5.29 to 24.59)	<0.001*	13.52 (6.04 to 30.25)	<0.001*	55 (26.8)	2.27 (1.41 to 3.66)	<0.001*	2.22 (1.33 to 3.73)	0.002*
Class
Class 11 ref	32 (16.6)					45 (23.3)
Class 12	33 (12.8)	0.74 (0.43 to 1.25)	0.265	0.54 (0.25 to 1.18)	0.127	44 (17.1)	0.67 (0.42 to 1.08)	0.104	0.62 (0.33 to 1.16)	0.139
School type
Public ref	26 (11.3)					28 (12.1)
Private	39 (17.8)	1.70 (1.00 to 2.91)	0.050	1.10 (0.54 to 2.22)	0.779	61 (27.9)	2.79 (1.70 to 4.58)	<0.001*	1.79 (1.00 to 3.20)	0.047*
Residence
Rural ref	15 (8.1)					27 (14.5)
Urban	50 (18.9)	2.66 (1.44 to 4.90)	0.002*	2.45 (1.23 to 4.88)	0.010*	62 (23.5)	1.80 (1.09 to 2.97)	0.020*	1.77 (1.02 to 3.05)	0.039*
Frequency of internet use
At least once a week ref	1 (2.1)					2 (4.2)
Almost everyday	64 (15.9)	8.89 (1.20 to 65.66)	0.032*	9.44 (1.17 to 75.79)	0.035*	87 (21.6)	6.35 (1.51 to 26.69)	0.012*	4.96 (1.06 to 23.18)	0.041*
Social media
WhatsApp, Twitter ref	9 (29.0)
Facebook	32 (12.6)	0.35 (0.14 to 0.83)	0.018*	0.32 (0.10 to 0.93)	0.037*	45 (17.8)	1.46 (0.48 to 4.38)	0.499	1.79 (0.55 to 5.80)	0.327
Instagram	10 (11.9)	0.33 (0.11 to 0.91)	0.033*	0.22 (0.06 to 0.80)	0.022	22 (26.2)	2.39 (0.75 to 7.61)	0.139	2.19 (0.62 to 7.72)	0.219
You tube	14 (17.1)	0.50 (0.19 to 1.32)	0.163	0.51 (0.14 to 1.83)	0.309	18 (22.0)	1.89 (0.58 to 6.13)	0.284	2.25 (0.62 to 8.17)	0.217
Duration of social media use
Less than 1 hour ref	5 (7.7)
1–2 hours	15 (11.7)	1.59 (0.55 to 4.59)	0.389	1.29 (0.38 to 4.34)	0.677	68 (26.5)	0.80 (0.31 to 2.05)	0.651	0.41 (0.14 to 1.17)	0.098
Greater than 2 hours	45 (17.5)	2.54 (0.96 to 6.70)	0.058	1.99 (0.64 to 6.10)	0.229	8 (12.3)	2.56 (1.16 to 5.64)	0.020*	1.53 (0.63 to 3.74)	0.342
Religion
Hindu ref	52 (14.4)					64 (17.7)
Others†	13 (14.4)	1.00 (0.51 to 1.92)	1.000	1.16 (0.54 to 2.49)	0.699	25 (27.7)	1.77 (1.04 to 3.03)	0.035*	1.66 (0.92 to 3.01)	0.091

*P value <0.05-significant association.

†Buddhist, Christian, Kirat and Muslim.

AOR, adjusted OR.