Table 1:
Summary of Data Sources and Basic Characteristics of Participants of 29 Surveys Across 7 Countries Examining Analytic Approaches to Address Limits of Detection in Inflammatory Biomarkers 1
| Country (reference) | Year | Population 2 | n | Age, y or mo 3 | Female, % | Malaria, % 4 | CRP>5 mg/L, % 5 | CRP<0.05 mg/L, % 6 | AGP>1 g/L, % 7 | AGP>4 g/L, % 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||
| Democratic Republic of Congo (19) | 2011 | PSC | 1,281 | 11 (6, 17) | 47.2 | 21.6 | 42.2 | 2.3 | 57.4 | 0.0 |
| Democratic Republic of Congo (19) | 2015 | PSC | 1,300 | 11 (6, 17) | 50.9 | 41.2 | 43.1 | 0.2 | 60.5 | 0.0 |
| Ghana (25) | 2019 | WRA | 949 | 17 (15, 22) | 100.0 | 30.5 | 5.1 | 35.0 | 7.3 | 0.0 |
| SAC | 621 | 13 (10, 14) | 70.6 | 40.3 | 7.8 | 32.4 | 8.1 | 0.0 | ||
| Guatemala (22) | 2013 | WRA | 1,639 | 28 (15, 49) | 100.0 | - | 16.9 | 0.6 | 16.8 | 0.0 |
| PSC | 862 | 33 (6, 59) | 50.5 | - | 12.5 | 1.5 | 21.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Guatemala (21) | 2015 | WRA | 1,514 | 29 (15, 49) | 100.0 | - | 15.7 | 0.1 | 8.5 | 0.0 |
| PSC | 682 | 34 (6, 59) | 50.5 | - | 11.9 | 4.1 | 15.3 | 0.0 | ||
| Guatemala (20) | 2016 | WRA | 1,490 | 29 (15, 49) | 100.0 | - | 16.1 | 0.5 | 9.5 | 0.1 |
| PSC | 581 | 35 (6, 59) | 51.8 | - | 11.5 | 1.9 | 16.4 | 0.1 | ||
| Guatemala (24) | 2017/18 | WRA | 1,494 | 30 (15, 49) | 100.0 | - | 22.0 | 0.0 | 14.7 | 0.0 |
| PSC | 570 | 35 (6, 59) | 49.0 | - | 12.3 | 2.3 | 17.5 | 0.0 | ||
| SAC | 1,011 | 10 (6, 14) | 54.4 | - | 5.0 | 1.8 | 13.3 | 0.0 | ||
| Guatemala (23) | 2018/19 | WRA | 1,507 | 30 (15, 49) | 100.0 | - | 17.5 | 11.6 | 12.6 | 0.3 |
| PSC | 599 | 34 (6, 59) | 48.9 | - | 11.4 | 31.4 | 14.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Malawi (18) | 2009 | WRA | 591 | 27 (15, 49) | 100.0 | 5.0 | 14.6 | 1.2 | 9.3 | 0.0 |
| PSC | 1,016 | 30 (6, 59) | 52.4 | 20.3 | 39.3 | 1.6 | 44.9 | 0.0 | ||
| SAC | 646 | 9 (5, 17) | 50.8 | 16.6 | 18.0 | 4.5 | 19.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Malawi (17) | 2015/16 | WRA | 776 | 27 (15, 49) | 100.0 | 14.9 | 8.9 | 3.1 | 12.6 | 0.3 |
| PSC | 1,102 | 33 (6, 59) | 49.3 | 26.2 | 25.3 | 2.5 | 57.8 | 1.6 | ||
| SAC | 758 | 9 (5, 14) | 51.6 | 37.9 | 16.4 | 5.0 | 33.1 | 0.3 | ||
| Mozambique (16) | 2015 | PSC | 1,230 | 18 (6, 59) | 52.5 | 29.6 | 39.8 | 0.1 | 61.1 | 0.4 |
| Nepal (11) | 2012/13 | PSC | 2,347 | 14 (6, 23) | 52.9 | 0.0 | 18.2 | 1.4 | 39.0 | 0.0 |
| Nepal (15) | 2016 | PSC | 2,203 | 14 (6, 23) | 45.2 | 0.1 | 16.8 | 0.3 | 31.6 | 0.2 |
| Nepal (14) | 2016 | WRA | 2,984 | 24 (15, 49) | 100.0 | 0.0 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 5.7 | 0.0 |
| PSC | 1,651 | 34 (6, 59) | 49.3 | 0.0 | 10.1 | 3.4 | 26.5 | 0.1 | ||
| SAC | 1,589 | 12 (10, 14) | 62.4 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 10.4 | 5.2 | 0.0 | ||
| Uganda (13) | 2015 | PSC | 1,249 | 18 (12, 23) | 47.5 | 48.9 | 34.5 | 0.7 | 63.5 | 2.5 |
| Uganda (12) | 2016 | PSC | 1,535 | 17 (12, 23) | 47.2 | 48.8 | 33.9 | 0.5 | 55.4 | 2.3 |
Unweighted estimates.
PSC, Preschool-Age Children; SAC, School-Age Children; WRA, Women of Reproductive Age
Age in years for WRA and SAC. Age in months for PSC. Values median (range).
Malaria rapid diagnostic test.
CRP, Serum C-reactive protein; Proportion of CRP >5 mg/L, commonly used cut-point indicating the presence of systemic inflammation (34, 35).
Proportion outside limit of detection for CRP.
AGP, Serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein; Proportion of AGP >1 g/L, commonly used cut-point indicating the presence of systemic inflammation (34).
Proportion outside limit of detection for AGP.