TABLE 2.
The impact of some KD on kidney and hypertension.
| No | References | Study duration | Experimental design | Diet types interventions | Outcome | Adherence level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cicero et al. (2015) | 1 year | An observational study with 377 Overweight and obese (BMI from 27 to 37) volunteers from 30 to 69 years old | KD (very low‐carb diet) composed of (carbohydrate 2–6 g per diet), proteins, 1.2/1.5 g/kg and low fat |
Significant (p < .001) Diastolic BP (2.2–3.1 mmHg), and systolic BP (10.5–6.4 mmHg), changed from baseline to 3 months Beyond this time no more changes noticed |
Up to 66 volunteers uncompleted the study not due to non‐clinical consequences |
| 2 | Bazzano et al. (2014) | 1 year | A randomized control study of 148 obese‐free disease volunteers (BMI up to 45 kg/m2 aged from 22 to 75) | Low‐carb diet (less than 40 g/day) compared to low‐fat diet (30% fat with no more than 7% saturated fat) | By the end of the study mean, systolic BP differences were (3.60 mmHg) with no significant differences in diastolic and between groups | Volunteers were highly adhered to the study design |
| 3 | Liu et al. (2013) | 1 year | A randomized controlled study of 50 female Chinese aged between 30 and 65 with normal BMI 24 kg/m2 | Unlimited energy low‐carb (20 g/day) diet compared to low‐carb (20 g/day) energy‐limited diet | 4.60 mmHg systolic BP and 2.70 diastolic mmHg difference seen by the end of the research. No impact on age groups | 48 (96%) were highly adhered to the study design |
| 4 | Foster et al. (2010) | 2 years | Low‐fat diet compared to low‐carb diet (20 g/day) | A randomized controlled study of 307 obese (32.6–39.6 kg/m2) patients aged between 36.8 and 55.2 | By the end of the study 2.68, 3.19 mmHg difference for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. No age group differences | 68% adhered to low‐fat diet compared to 58% low‐carb diet |
| 5 | Lim et al. (2010) | 2 years | A randomized controlled study of 133 patients from 37 to 57 years old with BMI 24 to 38 kg/m2 having one more CV risk factor | Control (no interventional diet). Very low‐fat diet versus high‐unsaturated diet versus very low‐carb diet (10%) | Significant BMI and diastolic BP difference (up to 5.2 mmHg) were seen in all the interventional groups compared to the control group | Moderate adherence stated |
| 6 | Yancy et al. (2010) | 4 years | A randomized controlled study of 160 overweight (BMI > 25) and obese (BMI > 30) outpatient clinics | Low‐fat diet and Orlistat compared to low‐carb diet (less than 20 g/day) | Similar weight reduction noticed | No valid adherence evaluation |
| 7 | Gardner et al. (2007) | 1.6 years | A randomized study of 311 pre‐menopausal overweight (BMI 27–40) female | Ornish diet (>10% energy from fat) versus LEARN diet (55%–60% energy from carbohydrate) versus Zone (40% carbohydrate) versus Atkins (carb <20 g/day after 3 months increased to 50 g/day) | Atkins diet group had the highest blood pressure throughout the study time. The decrease in (systolic 7.60 mmHg and diastolic 4.40 mmHg difference) | No valid adherence evaluation |
| 8 | Truby et al. (2006) | 0.5 years | A randomized controlled study of 293 British volunteers | Atkins (carb <20 g/day) versus Rosemary Conley's diet versus slim‐fast versus WW diet | By the end of the study, Atkins diet led to reduction of systolic and diastolic BP reduction by 7.20 and 4.90. mmHg, respectively, but not statistically different from others | Adherence to each diet was dissimilar |
| 9 | Dansinger et al. (2005) | 1 year | A single‐center randomized study of 160 Americans overweight and/or obese (mean BMI0 35) aged between 22 and 72 with having hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension | Atkins diet (carb <20 g/day), zone, Weight Watchers diet (calorie restriction) and Ornish diet (fat restriction) | No statistical differences in BP were seen among the diets | Low adherence score to the diets |
| 10 | Foster et al. (2003) | 1 year | A randomized controlled study of 63 males and females obese | Conventional diet (high‐carb, low‐fat, low‐calories versus high‐protein diet) was compared to low‐carb diet (20 g/day) | Some reduction in systolic BP (2.7 mmHg) and diastolic BP (0.1 mmHg) seen but were not significantly different | Level of adherence of both considered low |
| 11 | Samaha et al. (2003) | 0.5 year | A randomized control study of 132 obese individuals (BMI ≥ 35) | Low‐fat diet compared to low‐carb diet (carb <30 g/day) | Some reduction in systolic BP (1.0 mmHg) and diastolic BP (3.0 mmHg) seen but were not significantly different | Higher adherence reported in low‐carb group |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure.