TABLE 3—
Mental Health Outcomes Targeted by Interventions
| Outcomes | No. of Interventions | No. With Significant Changesa | No. With Effect Sizesb | Effect Size, No. | ||
| Large | Medium | Small | ||||
| General health and well-being | ||||||
| Sleep/exhaustion | 12 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| Mental health | 14 | 5c | 4c | 2c | 1c | 1 |
| General health | 12 | 8c | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Affect | 10 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
| Well-being | 13c | 10c | 7 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| Quality of life | 11 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Somatization | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Stress and strain | ||||||
| Stress | 48 | 29 | 14 | 5 | 6 | 3 |
| Distress | 14 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Strain | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Depression | 31 | 15 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Anxiety | 32 | 20c | 12c | 6c | 2 | 4 |
| Burnout and compassion fatigue | ||||||
| Burnout | 40 | 15 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| Emotional exhaustion or compassion fatigue | 30 | 16 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 |
| Emotions and attitudes | ||||||
| Psychosocial functioning | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Happiness | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Anger | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mental health stigma | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Resilience and coping | ||||||
| Social support | 15 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Coping | 10 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Demands | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Support seeking | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Drinking behaviors | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Work‒life balance | 7 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Resilience | 7 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Mindfulness | ||||||
| Mindfulness | 13 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| Self-compassion | 7 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Psychological flexibility | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Awareness | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Self-efficacy and self-esteem | ||||||
| Confidence | 10 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Self-efficacy | 8 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Inadequacy | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Civility and relationships | ||||||
| Trust | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Civility/incivility | 5 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Empathy | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Respect | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
a
Number of interventions with at least 1 significant change in a measure over time from baseline to follow-up or in rare cases from postintervention to a subsequent follow-up.
b
Number of studies that included effect sizes.
c
Two intervention methods in 3 studies produced 2 differences, and 2 of those produced 2 effect-size results. Effect sizes were defined as follows: Cohen’s d: small = 0.2; medium = 0.5; large = 0.8; ŋ2 or partial ŋ2: small = 0.01; medium = 0.06; large = 0.14; R2: small = 0.00; medium = 0.03; large = 0.14; and Δ: small = 0.2; medium = 0.5; large = 0.8. Details are noted in Table A (available as a supplement to the online version of this article at https://ajph.org).