Table 2.
Crude and age-standardized incidence rates of hemorrhagic stroke from 2005 to 2019.
| Incidence rate, per 100,000 persons (95% CI) | p-Value | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||
| HS and subtypes | ||||||||||||||||
| HS CIR | 34.3 (32.2–36.6) | 35.0 (32.9–37.3) | 34.7 (32.6–37.0) | 36.9 (34.8–39.2) | 35.6 (33.5–37.7) | 36.1 (34.0–38.3) | 38.5 (36.3–40.7) | 37.7 (35.6–39.9) | 40.6 (38.4–42.8) | 40.5 (38.4–42.8) | 44.2 (42.0–46.5) | 42.0 (39.9–44.3) | 47.8 (45.5–50.2) | 46.7 (44.4–49.0) | 47.7 (45.4–50.1) | <0.001 |
| HS ASIR | 34.4 (32.2–36.7) | 34.5 (32.4–36.8) | 33.2 (31.1–35.3) | 34.9 (32.9–37.1) | 32.7 (30.8–34.7) | 32.6 (30.7–34.6) | 33.9 (32.0–35.9) | 32.2 (30.4–34.1) | 34.1 (32.2–36.0) | 33.0 (31.2–34.9) | 35.1 (33.3–36.9) | 33.0 (31.3–34.8) | 36.2 (34.5–38.1) | 34.6 (32.9–36.4) | 34.5 (32.8–36.2) | 0.392 |
| ICH CIR | 31.4 (29.4–33.6) | 30.6 (28.6–32.7) | 29.3 (27.3–31.3) | 30.7 (28.7–32.7) | 29.7 (27.8–31.7) | 29.6 (27.7–31.6) | 32.4 (30.4–34.4) | 30.6 (28.7–32.6) | 34.6 (32.6–36.6) | 33.8 (31.8–35.8) | 37.5 (35.4–39.6) | 34.8 (32.8–36.9) | 39.3 (37.2–41.5) | 38.7 (36.6–40.8) | 39.7 (37.6–41.8) | <0.001 |
| ICH ASIR | 31.8 (29.4–33.6) | 30.3 (28.1–32.1) | 28.1 (26.3–30.2) | 29.1 (27.1–30.9) | 27.4 (25.9–29.6) | 26.8 (25.2–28.8) | 28.5 (27.1–30.7) | 26.2 (24.8–28.2) | 29.1 (27.5–31.0) | 27.5 (26.1–29.5) | 29.7 (28.7–32.2) | 27.1 (25.9–29.2) | 29.8 (28.5–31.9) | 28.3 (27.0–30.3) | 28.4 (27.3–30.5) | 0.324 |
| SAH CIR | 2.9 (2.3–3.6) | 4.4 (3.7–5.2) | 5.5 (4.7–6.4) | 6.3 (5.4–7.2) | 5.8 (5.0–6.7) | 6.5 (5.6–7.4) | 6.1 (5.3–7.0) | 7.0 (6.2–8.0) | 6.0 (5.2–6.9) | 6.7 (5.9–7.7) | 6.7 (5.9–7.7) | 7.2 (6.3–8.2) | 8.5 (7.6–9.6) | 8.0 (7.1–9.0) | 8.0 (7.1–9.0) | <0.001 |
| SAH ASIR | 2.7 (2.3–3.6) | 4.2 (3.6–5.2) | 5.1 (4.5–6.2) | 5.8 (5.1–6.9) | 5.3 (4.7–6.4) | 5.9 (5.2–6.9) | 5.4 (4.9–6.6) | 6.0 (5.5–7.2) | 5.0 (4.6–6.1) | 5.5 (5.1–6.7) | 5.4 (4.9–6.4) | 5.9 (5.4–7.1) | 6.4 (6.1–7.7) | 6.3 (5.8–7.5) | 6.0 (5.5–7.1) | 0.006 |
| By ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
| Chinese CIR | 36.2 (33.7–38.8) | 36.6 (34.1–39.3) | 36.1 (33.6–38.6) | 38.3 (35.8–40.9) | 37.1 (34.7–39.7) | 37.8 (35.4–40.4) | 39.8 (37.4–42.5) | 40.4 (37.9–43.0) | 42.3 (39.8–45.0) | 43.0 (40.4–45.7) | 46.9 (44.3–49.7) | 44.6 (42.0–47.3) | 50.7 (47.9–53.5) | 50.1 (47.4–52.9) | 49.8 (47.1–52.6) | <0.001 |
| Chinese ASIR | 34.6 (33.7–38.8) | 34.4 (33.4–38.4) | 32.5 (32.1–37.0) | 34.2 (33.4–38.2) | 32.0 (31.9–36.5) | 31.9 (31.8–36.3) | 33.0 (33.0–37.6) | 32.4 (32.3–36.8) | 33.4 (33.2–37.7) | 32.8 (32.9–37.3) | 35.1 (35.5–40.0) | 32.8 (32.9–37.3) | 35.9 (36.3–40.7) | 34.9 (35.1–39.4) | 33.5 (33.7–37.8) | 0.398 |
| Malay CIR | 32.4 (26.7–38.9) | 34.7 (28.9–41.3) | 41.8 (35.5–49.0) | 41.0 (34.7–48.0) | 40.6 (34.5–47.5) | 42.7 (36.5–49.7) | 46.8 (40.3–54.1) | 42.9 (36.8–49.8) | 47.5 (41.0–54.6) | 46.6 (40.2–53.6) | 50.9 (44.3–58.2) | 48.4 (42.0–55.5) | 53.4 (46.7–60.7) | 48.7 (42.4–55.7) | 55.6 (48.8–63.0) | <0.001 |
| Malay ASIR | 39.5 (26.7–38.9) | 40.5 (28.4–40.6) | 48.6 (34.1–47.1) | 47.5 (32.6–45.2) | 44.0 (32.6–45.0) | 47.8 (33.5–46.0) | 50.2 (35.9–48.4) | 45.0 (33.0–45.1) | 47.0 (34.2–46.0) | 45.8 (35.1–47.7) | 49.2 (36.5–48.8) | 46.5 (35.2–47.6) | 50.3 (38.3–51.0) | 44.9 (33.7–45.5) | 49.7 (39.2–52.2) | 0.034 |
| Indian CIR | 17.1 (12.1–23.5) | 21.5 (16.0–28.4) | 14.5 (10.1–20.1) | 20.7 (15.5–27.2) | 20.9 (15.8–27.1) | 18.7 (13.9–24.6) | 22.1 (16.9–28.4) | 13.6 (9.6–18.7) | 20.6 (15.7–26.7) | 16.2 (11.9–21.6) | 20.3 (15.4–26.2) | 18.7 (14.1–24.4) | 22.7 (17.5–28.8) | 20.7 (15.9–26.6) | 25.6 (20.1–32.0) | 0.172 |
| Indian ASIR | 19.0 (12.1–23.5) | 25.1 (16.1–28.5) | 16.9 (10.2–20.3) | 23.2 (15.8–27.8) | 25.6 (15.5–26.8) | 22.5 (13.2–23.5) | 24.4 (16.3–27.5) | 15.5 (9.0–17.6) | 21.6 (13.7–23.6) | 17.0 (9.8–18.2) | 19.9 (13.2–22.8) | 18.0 (11.9–21.2) | 20.6 (13.5–22.6) | 18.9 (12.3–21.1) | 23.1 (15.4–24.9) | 0.512 |
| By age group | ||||||||||||||||
| <65 years CIR | 19.8 (18.1–21.6) | 18.8 (17.2–20.6) | 21.4 (19.7–23.3) | 21.6 (19.8–23.4) | 22.2 (20.5–24.0) | 21.9 (20.2–23.8) | 23.6 (21.8–25.5) | 23.5 (21.8–25.4) | 23.8 (22.0–25.7) | 24.0 (22.2–25.9) | 26.8 (24.9–28.8) | 26.0 (24.2–27.9) | 27.3 (25.4–29.3) | 26.4 (24.6–28.4) | 26.2 (24.3–28.1) | <0.001 |
| <65 years ASIR | 18.1 (18.1–21.6) | 16.8 (16.9–20.3) | 18.7 (18.9–22.4) | 18.6 (18.7–22.1) | 18.6 (19.1–22.5) | 18.1 (18.5–21.8) | 19.0 (19.6–23.0) | 18.6 (19.2–22.5) | 18.7 (19.3–22.6) | 18.7 (19.4–22.7) | 20.7 (21.7–25.1) | 20.2 (20.8–24.2) | 20.8 (21.6–25.0) | 19.9 (20.6–24.0) | 19.6 (20.4–23.8) | <0.001 |
| ⩾65 years CIR | 163.7 (149.0–179.4) | 174.9 (160.1–190.6) | 147.9 (134.6–162.2) | 166.0 (152.1–180.9) | 146.3 (133.6–160.0) | 152.3 (139.4–166.0) | 156.6 (143.8–170.2) | 142.7 (130.9–155.2) | 157.9 (145.9–170.6) | 149.0 (137.7–161.0) | 151.8 (140.8–163.5) | 135.8 (125.6–146.5) | 161.4 (150.6–172.7) | 152.0 (141.9–162.7) | 153.3 (143.4–163.8) | 0.138 |
| ⩾65 years ASIR | 164.8 (149.0–179.4) | 175.5 (160.7–191.3) | 148.7 (134.9–162.6) | 165.3 (151.0–179.5) | 144.7 (131.8–157.9) | 148.5 (135.1–160.9) | 153.2 (140.4–166.3) | 140.3 (127.7–151.5) | 156.5 (144.0–168.5) | 147.3 (135.4–158.3) | 149.7 (138.3–160.9) | 134.7 (123.8–144.7) | 159.6 (148.5–170.4) | 151.6 (140.9–161.7) | 152.7 (142.1–162.3) | 0.118 |
| By sex | ||||||||||||||||
| Male CIR | 36.9 (33.7–40.3) | 38.3 (35.1–41.7) | 37.5 (34.4–40.8) | 41.8 (38.5–45.2) | 40.7 (37.6–44.1) | 40.7 (37.5–44.0) | 43.9 (40.7–47.4) | 42.4 (39.3–45.8) | 45.8 (42.6–49.3) | 45.0 (41.7–48.4) | 50.8 (47.3–54.4) | 48.9 (45.6–52.4) | 52.0 (48.6–55.6) | 53.1 (49.7–56.8) | 53.4 (49.9–57.0) | <0.001 |
| Male ASIR | 38.7 (33.7–40.3) | 40.5 (34.4–40.8) | 37.3 (33.0–39.2) | 41.6 (36.3–42.7) | 38.8 (35.0–41.1) | 38.3 (34.1–40.1) | 40.0 (36.3–42.3) | 37.4 (33.9–39.7) | 39.9 (36.2–42.1) | 38.3 (34.5–40.2) | 41.8 (39.0–45.1) | 40.1 (36.3–42.0) | 40.9 (37.7–43.4) | 41.3 (38.0–43.7) | 40.6 (37.6–43.3) | 0.117 |
| Female CIR | 31.8 (28.9–34.9) | 31.9 (29.0–34.9) | 32.1 (29.3–35.1) | 32.3 (29.5–35.3) | 30.6 (27.9–33.4) | 31.7 (29.0–34.6) | 33.2 (30.5–36.2) | 33.1 (30.4–36.0) | 35.5 (32.7–38.5) | 36.3 (33.4–39.3) | 38.0 (35.1–41.0) | 35.5 (32.8–38.5) | 43.9 (40.8–47.1) | 40.5 (37.6–43.6) | 42.4 (39.4–45.5) | <0.001 |
| Female ASIR | 30.1 (28.9–34.9) | 29.5 (28.6–34.4) | 29.2 (28.3–34.0) | 28.8 (27.9–33.4) | 26.9 (26.2–31.4) | 27.3 (26.5–31.7) | 28.3 (27.5–32.7) | 27.3 (26.5–31.5) | 28.6 (27.7–32.7) | 28.0 (27.8–32.7) | 28.4 (28.1–32.9) | 26.3 (26.2–31.0) | 31.6 (31.3–36.3) | 28.1 (27.7–32.4) | 28.5 (28.1–32.7) | 0.605 |
HS: hemorrhagic stroke; ICH: intracerebral hemorrhage; SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage; CIR: crude incidence rate; ASIR: age-standardized incidence rate; CI: confidence interval.