TABLE 4.
Linear mixed effects model showing the interactions between sex and WMHs for each cognitive domain.
| Total | Frontal | Temporal | Parietal | Occipital | Deep | Periventricular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDR‐SB (Equation 6) | |||||||
| WMH |
β = 0.34, SE = 0.02, t = 17.40, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.34, SE = 0.02, t = 17.72, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.19, SE = 0.02, t = 10.45, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.27, SE = 0.02, t = 14.18, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.24, SE = 0.02, t = 14.34, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.06, SE = 0.02, t = 3.23 p = .001 |
β = 0.06, SE = 0.02, t = 5.25 p < 0.001 |
| Sex (Male):WMH |
β = −0.11, SE = 0.02, t = −4.42, p < 0.001 |
β = −0.11, SE = 0.02, t = −4.56 p < 0.001 |
β = −0.10, SE = 0.02, t = −4.12 p < 0.002 |
β = −0.09, SE = 0.02, t = −3.62 p < 0.001 |
β = −0.06, SE = 0.02, t = −3.26 p = 0.001 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = 0.22 p = 0.82 |
β = −0.06, SE = 0.02, t = −2.55 p = 0.01 |
| Sex (Male):VC |
β < −0.01, SE = 0.02, t = −0.15, p = 0.88 |
β < −0.01, SE = 0.02, t = −0.34, p = 0.73 |
β < −0.01, SE = 0.02, t = −0.19, p = 0.85 |
β < −0.01, SE = 0.02, t = −0.20, p = 0.84 |
β < −0.01, SE = 0.02, t = −0.27, p = 0.79 |
β < −0.01, SE = 0.02, t = −0.41, p = 0.68 |
β < −0.01, SE = 0.02, t = −0.42, p = 0.68 |
| TMT‐B (Equation 6) | |||||||
| WMH |
β = 0.23, SE = 0.02, t = 10.02, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.20, SE = 0.03, t = 8.75, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.16, SE = 0.02, t = 7.32, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.22, SE = 0.03, t = 9.62, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.21, SE = 0.02, t = 9.22, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.07, SE = 0.02, t = 2.82 p = 0.005 |
β = 0.04, SE = 0.02, t = 2.52 p = 0.012 |
| Sex (Male):WMH |
β = −0.05, SE = 0.03, t = −0.02, p = 0.98 |
β = 0.02, SE = 0.03, t = 0.78, p = 0.44 |
β = −0.04, SE = 0.03, t = −1.25, p = 0.21 |
β = −0.07, SE = 0.03, t = −2.34, p = 0.019 |
β = −0.08, SE = 0.02, t = −2.45, p = 0.014 |
β = −0.07, SE = 0.03, t = −2.67 p = 0.007 |
β = −0.01, SE = 0.02, t = −0.29 p = 0.77 |
| Sex (Male):VC |
β = 0.02, SE = 0.03, t = 0.83, p = 0.41 |
β = 0.02, SE = 0.03, t = 0.61, p = 0.54 |
β = 0.03, SE = 0.03, t = 0.91, p = 0.36 |
β = 0.02, SE = 0.03, t = 0.87, p = 0.38 |
β = 0.03, SE = 0.03, t = 0.91, p = 0.36 |
β = 0.02, SE = 0.03, t = 0.67, p = 0.50 |
β = 0.02, SE = 0.03, t = 0.66, p = 0.50 |
| RAVLT‐ Immediate (Equation 6) | |||||||
| WMH |
β = −0.24, SE = 0.02, t = −12.15, p < 0.001 |
β = −0.22, SE = 0.02, t = −11.64, p < 0.001 |
β = −0.15, SE = 0.02, t = −8.17, p < 0.001 |
β = −0.22, SE = 0.02, t = −11.07 p < 0.001 |
β = −0.14, SE = 0.02, t = −8.89, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.02, SE = 0.02, t = 1.21 p = 0.22 |
β = −0.04, SE = 0.01, t = −3.59 p < 0.001 |
| Sex (Male):WMH |
β = 0.06, SE = 0.02, t = 2.55 p = 0.01 |
β = 0.06, SE = 0.02, t = 2.63, p = 0.008 |
β = 0.04, SE = 0.02, t = 1.79, p = 0.07 |
β = 0.06, SE = 0.02, t = 2.33, p = 0.02 |
β = 0.02, SE = 0.02 t = 1.00, p = 0.31 |
β = −0.02, SE = 0.02, t = −0.74 p = 0.46 |
β = 0.03, SE = 0.01, t = 1.82 p = 0.07 |
| Sex (Male):VC |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = 0.11, p = 0.90 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = 0.22, p = 0.82 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = 0.10, p = 0.92 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = 0.13, p = 0.89 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = 0.09, p = 0.92 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = 0.36, p = 0.72 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = 0.20, p = 0.85 |
| RAVLT‐ Learning (Equation 6) | |||||||
| WMH |
β = −0.13, SE = 0.02, t = −5.68, p < 0.001 |
β = −0.11, SE = 0.02, t = −4.99, p < 0.001 |
β = −0.08, SE = 0.02, t = −3.69, p < 0.001 |
β = −0.13, SE = 0.02, t = −6.00, p < 0.001 |
β = −0.09, SE = 0.02, t = −4.65, p < .001 |
β = 0.02, SE = 0.02, t = 0.95 p = 0.34 |
β = −0.07, SE = 0.02, t = −4.30 p < 0.001 |
| Sex (Male):WMH |
β = 0.04, SE = 0.03, t = 1.57, p = 0.11 |
β = 0.03, SE = 0.03, t = 1.23, p = 0.22 |
β = 0.02, SE = 0.03, t = 0.73, p = 0.47 |
β = 0.05, SE = 0.03, t = 1.88, p = 0.06 |
β = 0.03, SE = 0.03 t = 1.26, p = 0.21 |
β = −0.03, SE = 0.03, t = −1.02 p = 0.30 |
β = 0.07, SE = 0.02, t = 3.47 p < 0.001 |
| Sex (Male):VC |
β = −0.05, SE = 0.03, t = −1.83, p = 0.07 |
β = −0.05, SE = 0.03, t = −1.72, p = 0.08 |
β = −0.05, SE = 0.03, t = −1.78, p = 0.075 |
β = −0.05, SE = 0.03, t = −1.89, p = 0.058 |
β = −0.05, SE = 0.03, t = −1.79, p = 0.073 |
β = −0.04, SE = 0.03, t = −1.54, p = 0.12 |
β = −0.05, SE = 0.03, t = −1.79, p = 0.072 |
| RAVLT‐ Perc_Forgetting (Equation 6) | |||||||
| WMH |
β = 0.09, SE = 0.02, t = 3.59, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.09, SE = 0.02, t = 3.55, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.04, SE = 0.02, t = 1.75, p = 0.08 |
β = 0.07, SE = 0.02, t = 2.17, p = 0.003 |
β = 0.06, SE = 0.02, t = 2.73, p = 0.006 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = −0.01 p = 0.99 |
β = 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = 0.67 p = 0.51 |
| Sex (Male):WMH |
β = −0.03, SE = 0.03, t = −0.90, p = 0.36 |
β = −0.03, SE = 0.03, t = −1.00, p = 0.32 |
β = −0.01, SE = 0.03, t = −0.05, p = 0.96 |
β = −0.01, SE = 0.03, t = −0.46, p = 0.64 |
β = −0.02, SE = 0.03, t = −0.72, p = 0.47 |
β = 0.03, SE = 0.03, t = 1.03 p = 0.30 |
β = −0.04, SE = 0.02, t = −1.58 p = 0.11 |
| Sex (Male):VC |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.03, t = 0.17, p = 0.86 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.03, t = 0.11, p = 0.92 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.03, t = 0.17, p = 0.87 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.03, t = 0.18, p = 0.86 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.03, t = 0.20, p = 0.84 |
β < −0.01, SE = 0.03, t = −0.05, p = 0.96 |
β < −0.01, SE = 0.03, t = 0.16, p = 0.87 |
| FAQ (Equation 6) | |||||||
| WMH |
β = 0.33, SE = 0.02, t = 16.46, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.23, SE = 0.02, t = 16.13, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.20, SE = 0.02, t = 10.31, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.29, SE = 0.02, t = 14.10, p < 0.001 |
β = 0.24, SE = 0.02, t = 13.78, p < 0.001 |
β = −0.03, SE = 0.02, t = −1.69 p = 0.091 |
β = 0.06, SE = 0.01, t = 4.82 p < 0.001 |
| Sex (Male):WMH |
β = −0.06, SE = 0.03, t = −2.40, p = 0.02 |
β = −0.06, SE = 0.03, t = −1.98 p = 0.047 |
β = −0.07, SE = 0.02, t = −2.96 p = 0.003 |
β = −0.06, SE = 0.03, t = −2.46 p = 0.014 |
β = −0.02, SE = 0.02, t = −0.72 p = 0.47 |
β = −0.07, SE = 0.02, t = −3.21 p = 0.001 |
β = −0.07, SE = 0.02, t = −4.43 p = 0.001 |
| Sex (Male):VC |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = 0.24, p = 0.81 |
β = −0.01, SE = 0.02, t = −0.46, p = 0.64 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = 0.15, p = 0.88 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = 0.24, p = 0.81 |
β < 0.01, SE = 0.02, t = 0.14, p = 0.88 |
β = −0.01, SE = 0.02, t = −0.46, p = 0.65 |
β < −0.01, SE = 0.02, t = −0.29, p = 0.77 |
Notes: The colon (:) denotes the interaction between sex and the vascular composite or sex and white matter hyperintensities. In all analyses, we contrasted males against females, with females as the reference category.
Abbreviations: CDR‐SB, Clinical Dementia Rating ‐ Sum of Boxes; FAQ, Functional Activities Questionnaire; Perc‐Forgetting, Percent forgetting; RAVLT, Ray's Auditory Verbal Learning test; TMT‐B, Trail Making Test‐B; VC, vascular composite; WMH, white matter hyperintensity.
Bold values represent results that remained significant after correction for multiple comaprisons.