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. 2023 Sep 25;20(1):563–592. doi: 10.1002/alz.13458

TABLE 4.

Compilation of studied risk factors with measures of association.

Studied variable of interest Pu'un, 2014 18 Huang, 2016 19 Chen, 2020 20 Smith, 2010 22 LoGiudice, 2016 27 Radford 2017 28 Radford, 2019 29 Derrig, 2020 30 Russell, 2022 33 Thompson 2022 34 Lavrencic, 2022 35 Rosenberg, 1996 37 Henderson, 2002 38 Bronstein, 2007 39 Sundar 2007 40 Galasko, 2007 41 Weiner, 2008 43 Weiner, 2009 44 Weiner, 2011 45 Carty et al., 2020 50 Smith et al., 2020 51 Suchy‐Dicey et al., 2022 52 Marca Ysabel 2021 55 Gatz, 2022 56
Region Asia Australia & Oceania North America South America
NON‐MODIFIABLE
Age *
Sex M M M M F F * F
Family history of dementia
Ethnicity
APOE4 NS NS NS NS NS NS
Tau NS
NEP M
CLU
MAPT
Homocysteine NS NS
POTENTIALLY MODIFIABLE
Childhood trauma/adversity
Religious practices
Education *
Unskilled work history *
Social activities
Physical activity
Hospitalisation in past year
Married/life partner
Living alone
Living in residential care
Loneliness
Diet: beef
Diet: chicken
Exposure to cyad‐derived products
Smoking **
Alcohol
Stroke
Head injury
Epilepsy
Cardiovascular disease
Renal disease/Albuminuria
Obesity/high BMI *
low BMI
Hyperlipidaemia
Depression/PTSD *
Diabetes/HbA1c
Hypertension/high BP
Low BP *
Hearing loss *
Vision impairment
Analgesics
Polypharmacy
Mobility impairment
Falls
Urinary incontinence
ADL impairment

Note: Blue indicates a statistically significant negative association. Green indicates a statistically significant positive association. NS indicates not statistically significant.

Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; APOE4, apolipoprotein E allele; BMI, body mass index; CLU, clusterin; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; F, female; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1C; M, male; MAPT, microtubule‐associated protein tau; NEP, neprilysin; PTSD, post‐traumatic stress disorder; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

*

Mild cognitive impairment/cognitive impairment not dementia only.

**

Ex‐smoker compared to never smoked.