Figure 2:

PRRs sense pathogen and danger signals, leading to Dendritic cell activation. Pathogen or Danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs, respectively) are recognised by a constellation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the surface or inside DCs. These PRRs are also the targets of vaccine adjuvants, which trigger PRRs to activate the DCs to increase antigen presentation via MHC, induce costimulatory molecule expression and drive cytokine production to enhance the activation of vaccine specific T cells. Created with BioRender.com.