Table 1.
Intracranial endovascular treatment in patients with giant cell arteritis with intracranial vasculitis stenosis. Data shows a systematic literature review including the patient described in this work.
| Reference | Age (years) | Sex | Number of treatments | Technique | Vessels | Stenosis grade | Previous corticosteroid treatment and adjuvant immunosuppressant | Complications | Worst NIHSS/mRS* | Post treatment NIHSS/mRS* | Clinical follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current article | 68 | F | 1 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty | Bilateral ICA | 70% in right ICA and 50% in left ICA | PDN 60 mg, mPDN (500 mg IV) 5 days, tocilizumab | None | NIHSS 7 | NIHSS 0 | 12 months |
| Takatsuki et al. 2023[17] | 68 | F | 2 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty | Left MCA × 2, left ICA × 2 | 84% in left MCA | mPDN (500 mg IV) 3 days and then PDN 60 mg and MTX (unknown dose) | Restenosis. Balloon angioplasty was repeated. | NIHSS 8 | NIHSS 4 | 8 months |
| Simonsen et al. 2020[2] | 65 | F | 1 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty | Left ICA | Unknown | mPDN (1 g IV) 3 days, then PDN (100 mg with taper) and tocilizumab. CPM and then MTX |
Restenosis of the vessel at the initial treatment, only treated with immunosuppressant. | Unknown | mRS 2 | 90 days |
| 64 | F | 2 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty | Left ICA × 3, right ICA × 2 | Unknown | mPDN (1 g IV) 3 days, then PDN (100 mg with taper). CPM (15 mg/kg, every 3 weeks) | Small dissection. Restenosis. Balloon angioplasty was repeated. |
Unknown | mRS 3 | 90 days | |
| 72 | F | 2 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty | Left ICA × 2, right ICA × 1, left VA × 1 | Unknown | mPDN (1g IV) 3 days, then PDN (100 mg with taper). CPM 10 mg/Kg for 6 treatments and then MTX | Restenosis. Balloon angioplasty was repeated. | Unknown | mRS 1 | 90 days | |
| 71 | F | 2 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty | Left ICA × 2, right ICA × 2, left vertebral × 1 | Unknown | mPDN (1 g IV) 3 days, then PDN (100 mg with taper). CPM (10 mg/Kg) for 6 treatments and then MTX | Dissection of vertebral artery. Restenosis. Balloon angioplasty was repeated. |
Unknown | mRS 4 | 90 days | |
| Lago et al. 2020[18] | 72 | F | 1 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty | Left ICA × 1 | Unknown | PDN (60 mg/day with taper) | None | Unknown | mRS 2 | 16 months |
| 73 | F | 1 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty | Left VA | Unknown | PDN (unknown dose) | None | Unknown | mRS 3 | 17 months | |
| Togo et al. 2018[19] | 80 | F | 1 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty | Right VA | Unknown | mPDN (1 g IV) 3 days, then PDN 45 mg. CPM (670 mg | None | Unknown | mRS 3 | 27 months |
| Guerrero et al. 2015[20] | 59 | F | 1 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty and stent placement | Left ICA | 90% | mPDN (1 g IV) 3 days, then PDN (1 mg/Kg daily). MTX (7.5 mg weekly) | None | Unknown | mRS 2 | 32 months |
| Neutel et al. 2014[21] | 65 | M | 1 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty | Left ICA | Unknown | PDN (1 mg/Kg/day). MTX (15 mg weekly) | None | Unknown | Unknown | 1 year |
| Dementovych et al. 2012[22] | Unknown | Unknown | 1 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty and stent placement | Right vertebral artery at the V3 and V4 junction | Better than 80% | PDN (50 mg od) and AZA (50 mg od) | None | NIHSS 13 | NIHSS 3 | 30 days |
| Chausson et al. 2010[23] | 78 | F | 1 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty and stent placement | Bilateral ICA | Better than 90% | mPDN (120 mg IV) | None | Unknown | Unknown | 7 days |
| Steiger et al. 2018[24] | 77 | F | 1 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty and stent placement | Right VA | High-dose corticosteroids. Interleukin-6 receptor blocker therapy | None | Unknown | mRS 1 | 60 days | |
| Espígol-Frigolé et al. 2009[25] | Unknown | Unknown | 1 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty | Bilateral ICA Bilateral VA |
Unknow | High-dose corticosteroids | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 18 months |
| Unknown | Unknown | 1 | Endovascular intracranial angioplasty | Bilateral ICA | Unknown | High-dose corticosteroids | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 18 months |
Abbreviations:
AZA, azathioprine; CPM, cyclophosphamide; F, female; ICA, internal carotid artery; IV, intravenous; MCA, middle cerebral artery; mPDN, methylprednisolone; mRS, Modified Rankin Scale; MTX, methotrexate; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; PDN, prednisolone; VA, vertebral artery.
*
mRS based on the mRS reported in the study or inferred from clinical description.