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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 6.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022 Oct 4;142:104904. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104904

Table 2:

Ecological Momentary Assessments Methods

Study EMA Type Frequency Prompt Time Questions Compliance
(%)
Chronic pain
Wasan et al., 2012 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) 1x/day for 14 days Not specified BPI, medication, pain location, pain intensity, craving 95
Wasan et al., 2015 Not specified 1x/day for 7 days Not specified Average pain level (0-10), # of medications taken daily Not specified
 
Garland et al., 2019b Smartphone prompt 2x/day for 56 days Random between 9AM-9PM Craving +/− affect, pain intensity 62
Garland et al., 2022 Smartphone prompt 1x/day for 8 weeks Not specified Opioid Craving scale 0-10 Not specified
Parisi et al., 2022a Not specified 3x/day for 56 days Not specified Urge, affect, pain intensity (0-10) 70
No reported chronic pain
Huhn et al., 2016 Smartphone prompt 4x/day for 12 days Alarm at morning, noon, mid-afternoon, and evening Craving (frequency and intensity intensity), +/− affect Not specified
Kowalczyk et al., 2018 Portable Electronic Device 4x/day for 20 weeks Randomly prompted during waking period Craving, +/− affect 79
Panlilio et al., 2019 Smartphone or Personal Digital Assistant 16-18 days Randomly prompted, participant initiated, end of day Craving, +/− affect, stress level, hassles experienced 89