Table 2.
Primary outcomes.
| Group A (n = 50) | Group B (n = 50) | t/χ2 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory indicator | ||||
| CRP | ||||
| Pre | 4.25 ± 0.89 (4.00 to 4.49) | 4.35 ± 0.98 (4.07 to 4.62) | 0.534 | 0.595 |
| PO 24 h | 54.60 ± 12.76 (51.06 to 58.13) | 44.22 ± 12.34 (40.79 to 47.64) | 4.135 | <0.001 ∗ a |
| PO 48 h | 65.95 ± 14.41 (61.95 to 69.94) | 59.49 ± 13.01 (55.88 to 63.09) | 2.320 | 0.022 ∗ a |
| PO 14 d | 4.28 ± 0.84 (4.04 to 4.51) | 4.26 ± 0.86 (4.02 to 4.49) | 0.117 | 0.906 |
| IL-6 | ||||
| Pre | 8.01 ± 4.11 (6.87 to 9.14) | 7.96 ± 3.84 (6.57 to 8.72) | 0.063 | 0.063 |
| PO 24 h | 84.19 ± 17.01 (79.47 to 88.90) | 57.42 ± 12.46 (53.96 to 60.87) | 8.977 | <0.001 ∗ a |
| PO 48 h | 60.72 ± 15.49 (56.42 to 65.01) | 44.11 ± 13.67 (40.32 to 47.89) | 5.685 | <0.001 ∗ a |
| PO 14 d | 7.89 ± 4.17 (6.73 to 9.04) | 7.65 ± 3.89 (6.57 to 8.72) | 0.297 | 0.766 |
| Pain | ||||
| VAS rest | ||||
| PO 6 h | 2.62 ± 0.59 (2.45 to 2.78) | 2.28 ± 0.56 (2.12 to 2.43) | 2.955 | 0.004 ∗ a |
| PO 12 h | 2.34 ± 0.62 (2.16 to 2.51) | 1.96 ± 0.63 (1.78 to 2.13) | 3.119 | 0.002 ∗ a |
| PO 24 h | 2.20 ± 0.53 (1.82 to 2.17) | 1.74 ± 0.59 (1.57 to 1.90) | 4.101 | <0.001 ∗ a |
| PO 48 h | 2.00 ± 0.63 (2.05 to 2.34) | 1.54 ± 0.60 (1.37 to 1.70) | 3.738 | <0.001 ∗ a |
| PO 72 h | 1.50 ± 0.53 (1.35 to 1.64) | 1.38 ± 0.69 (1.18 to 1.57) | 0.975 | 0.332a |
| PO 2 w | 1.08 ± 0.65 (0.89 to 1.26) | 0.98 ± 0.78 (0.76 to 1.19) | 0.905 | 0.367a |
| PO 3 m | 0.46 ± 0.49 (0.32 to 0.59) | 0.42 ± 0.49 (0.28 to 0.55) | 0.408 | 0.684a |
| PO 6 m | 0.36 ± 0.48 (0.22 to 0.49) | 0.32 ± 0.47 (0.18 to 0.45) | 0.421 | 0.675a |
| PO 1 y | 0.30 ± 0.45 (0.17 to 0.42) | 0.26 ± 0.43 (0.14 to 0.37) | 0.454 | 0.651a |
| PO 2 y | 0.24 ± 0.42 (0.12 to 0.35) | 0.22 ± 0.41 (0.10 to 0.33) | 0.241 | 0.810a |
| VAS activity | ||||
| PO 6 h | 3.80 ± 0.97 (3.53 to 4.06) | 3.28 ± 0.82 (3.05 to 3.50) | 2.895 | 0.004 ∗ a |
| PO 12 h | 3.62 ± 0.86 (3.38 to 3.85) | 3.08 ± 0.77 (2.86 to 3.29) | 3.307 | 0.001 ∗ a |
| PO 24 h | 3.48 ± 0.83 (3.24 to 3.71) | 2.86 ± 0.72 (2.66 to 3.05) | 3.989 | <0.001 ∗ a |
| PO 48 h | 3.16 ± 0.75 (2.95 to 3.36) | 2.64 ± 0.62 (2.46 to 2.81) | 3.778 | <0.001 ∗ a |
| PO 72 h | 2.76 ± 0.64 (2.58 to 2.93) | 2.50 ± 0.70 (2.30 to 2.69) | 1.938 | 0.055a |
| PO 2 w | 2.24 ± 0.83 (2.00 to 2.47) | 2.14 ± 0.75 (1.93 to 2.34) | 0.600 | 0.533a |
| PO 3 m | 1.88 ± 0.93 (1.62 to 2.13) | 1.80 ± 0.77 (1.58 to 2.01) | 0.468 | 0.640a |
| PO 6 m | 1.32 ± 0.85 (1.08 to 1.55) | 1.22 ± 0.70 (1.02 to 1.41) | 0.412 | 0.522a |
| PO 1 y | 1.18 ± 0.74 (0.97 to 1.38) | 0.94 ± 0.73 (0.73 to 1.14) | 1.632 | 0.106a |
| PO 2 y | 0.90 ± 0.72 (0.70 to 1.09) | 0.74 ± 0.71 (0.54 to 0.93) | 1.118 | 0.265a |
| Opioid consumption | ||||
| PO 24 h (mg) | 6.75 ± 7.23 (4.74 to 8.75) | 3.70 ± 5.41 (2.20 to 5.19) | 2.388 | 0.018 ∗ a |
| PO 72 h (mg) | 13.80 ± 14.68 (9.73 to 17.86) | 7.60 ± 11.10 (4.52 to 10.67) | 2.382 | 0.019 ∗ a |
| Function | ||||
| ROM | ||||
| PO 24 h | 98.60 ± 8.94 (96.12 to 101.08) | 104.40 ± 9.62 (101.73 to 107.06) | 3.122 | 0.002 ∗ a |
| PO 48 h | 105.30 ± 10.02 (102.52 to 108.07) | 110.20 ± 10.46 (107.30 to 113.09) | 2.392 | 0.018 ∗ a |
| PO 72 h | 111.90 ± 10.72 (108.92 to 114.87) | 114.20 ± 10.31 (111.34 to 117.05) | 1.093 | 0.277a |
| PO 2 w | 119.60 ± 7.53 (117.51 to 121.68) | 120.30 ± 8.08 (118.06 to 122.53) | 0.491 | 0.624a |
| PO 3 m | 121.90 ± 6.92 (119.98 to 123.81) | 121.30 ± 6.69 (119.44 to 123.15) | 0.441 | 0.660a |
| PO 6 m | 121.90 ± 6.92 (119.98 to 123.81) | 122.60 ± 6.01 (120.93 to 124.26) | 0.540 | 0.590a |
| PO 1 y | 122.10 ± 6.78 (119.22 to 122.97) | 123.40 ± 5.95 (121.75 to 125.04) | 1.019 | 0.311a |
| PO 2 y | 122.20 ± 6.79 (120.31 to 124.08) | 123.40 ± 5.95 (121.75 to 125.04) | 0.939 | 0.349a |
| Straight leg raise test | ||||
| PO 24 h | 32 (64%) | 46 (92%) | 11.4 | <0.001 b |
| PO 48 h | 48 (96%) | 49 (98%) | — | 1.000c |
| Discharge | 50 (100%) | 50 (100%) | — | 1.000c |
| Get out of bed and walk test | ||||
| PO 24 h | 45 (90%) | 46 (92%) | 0.122 | 0.727b |
| PO 48 h | 48 (96%) | 49 (98%) | — | 1.000c |
| Discharge | 50 (100%) | 50 (100%) | — | 1.000c |
| Epworth Sleepiness Score | ||||
| PO 0 d | 7.26 ± 2.39 (6.59 to 7.92) | 5.38 ± 1.44 (4.98 to 5.77) | 4.764 | <0.001 ∗ a |
| PO 1 d | 5.10 ± 0.83 (4.86 to 5.33) | 4.36 ± 1.26 (4.01 to 4.70) | 3.468 | <0.001 ∗ a |
| PO 2 d | 4.20 ± 1.06 (3.90 to 4.49) | 3.40 ± 1.03 (3.11 to 3.68) | 3.827 | <0.001 ∗ a |
| PO 3 m | 2.82 ± 0.91 (2.56 to 3.07) | 2.76 ± 0.55 (2.60 to 2.91) | 0.398 | 0.691a |
VAS: visual analog scale; ROM: range of motion; PO: postoperative; h: hour; d: day; w: week; m: month; y: year. aThe P value represented the result of Student's t test for continuous variables between 2 groups. bThe P value represented the result of Pearson's χ2 test for discontinuous variables between 2 groups. cThe P value represented the result of Fisher's exact test for discontinuous variables between 2 groups. ∗ and bold values mean that P < 0.05 indicates significant differences.