Table 2.

Antibiofilm activities of natural substances and antifungals against Candida albicans.

Isolates		Antifungals				Natural substances
		AmB	Nys	Clo	Flu	Curcumin	Piperine
ATCC 9002	MBIC	1024	512	64	512	128	1024
	MBEC	—	—	—	1024	512	—
	R	nd	nd	nd	2	4	nd
Ca02	MBIC	128	128	128	256	256	1024
	MBEC	128	256	256	256	—	512
	R	1	2	2	1	nd	0.5
Ca03	MBIC	16	32	64	64	64	128
	MBEC	256	256	512	256	256	2048
	R	16	8	8	4	4	16
Ca10	MBIC	32	16	128	128	256	256
	MBEC	256	256	256	—	512	512
	R	8	16	2	nd	2	2
Ca13	MBIC	16	16	64	64	1024	128
	MBEC	256	256	256	—	—	512
	R	16	16	4	nd	nd	4
Ca14	MBIC	16	16	16	128	256	256
	MBEC	128	128	256	256	256	256
	R	8	8	16	2	1	1
Ca16	MBIC	16	64	8	16	128	128
	MBEC	128	64	256	256	256	256
	R	8	1	32	16	2	2

MBIC: minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (μg/mL); MBEC: minimum eradicated concentration (μg/mL); AmB: amphotericin B; Nys: nystatin; Clo: clotrimazole; Flu: fluconazole; Cur: curcumin; Pip: piperine; C.a: Candida albicans; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection strain; (—): MBEC up to 128 μg/mL for antifungals and up to 2048 μg/mL for natural substances; R: MBEC/MBIC ratio; nd: not determined.