Table 3.
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and effects of the combination of curcumin/piperine with amphotericin B, nystatin, clotrimazole, and fluconazole on C. albicans isolates.
| Isolates | ATF | MIC (μg/mL) | MIC reduction fold (antifungals) | FICI/INT | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alone | Combined | |||||||||||
| ATF | Cur | Pip | ATF/Cur | Cur | ATF/Pip | Pip | ATF/Cur | ATF/Pip | ATF/Cur | ATF/Pip | ||
| ATCC 9002 | AmB | 32 | 128 | 512 | 32 | 256 | 128 | 128 | 1 | 0.25 | 3/Ind | 4/Ant |
| Nys | 64 | 128 | 512 | 16 | 32 | 2 | 64 | 4 | 32 | 0.5/Syn | 0.15/Syn | |
| Clo | 128 | 128 | 512 | 32 | 64 | 8 | 128 | 4 | 16 | 0.75/Add | 0.31/Syn | |
| Flu | 128 | 128 | 512 | 64 | 64 | 0.25 | 128 | 2 | 512 | 1/Add | 0.5/Syn | |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Ca02 | AmB | 0.25 | 32 | 512 | 8 | 128 | 0.03 | 64 | 0.03 | 8 | 4.13/Ind | 0.25/Syn |
| Nys | 32 | 32 | 512 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 128 | 8 | 2 | 0.62/Add | 0.75/Add | |
| Clo | 16 | 32 | 512 | 8 | 16 | 4 | 64 | 2 | 4 | 1/Add | 0.37/Syn | |
| Flu | 128 | 32 | 512 | 16 | 8 | 0.06 | 128 | 8 | 256 | 0.31Syn | 0.31/Syn | |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Ca03 | AmB | 2 | 32 | 32 | 1 | 128 | 0.5 | 16 | 2 | 4 | 4.5/Ant | 0.75/Syn |
| Nys | 16 | 32 | 32 | 8 | 32 | 128 | 64 | 2 | 0.12 | 1.5/Add | 10/Ant | |
| Clo | 32 | 32 | 32 | 8 | 64 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 32 | 2.25/Ind | 0.28/Syn | |
| Flu | 128 | 32 | 32 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 128 | 32 | 128 | 0.28/Syn | 5/Ant | |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Ca10 | AmB | 64 | 128 | 128 | 16 | 64 | 128 | 64 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.75/Add | 2.5/Ind |
| Nys | 64 | 128 | 128 | 16 | 64 | 128 | 64 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.75/Add | 2.5/Ind | |
| Clo | 4 | 128 | 128 | 1 | 64 | 2 | 64 | 4 | 2 | 0.75/Add | 1/Add | |
| Flu | 64 | 128 | 128 | 256 | 128 | 0.03 | 16 | 0.25 | 2048 | 5/Ant | 0.15/Syn | |
|
| ||||||||||||
| C 13 | AmB | 64 | 16 | 128 | 64 | 32 | 32 | 512 | 1 | 2 | 3/Ind | 4.5/Ant |
| Nys | 128 | 16 | 128 | 2 | 4 | 128 | 64 | 64 | 1 | 0.26/Syn | 1.5/Ind | |
| Clo | 2 | 16 | 128 | 8 | 64 | 0.5 | 128 | 0.25 | 4 | 8/Ant | 1.25/Ind | |
| Flu | 128 | 16 | 128 | 32 | 32 | 0.25 | 256 | 4 | 512 | 2.25/Int | 2.25/Ind | |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Ca14 | AmB | 1 | 256 | 512 | 0.25 | 64 | 0.25 | 64 | 4 | 4 | 0.5/Syn | 0.38/Syn |
| Nys | 32 | 256 | 512 | 8 | 64 | 4 | 128 | 4 | 8 | 0.5/Syn | 0.37/Syn | |
| Clo | 32 | 256 | 512 | 4 | 128 | 4 | 128 | 8 | 8 | 0.62/Add | 0.37/Syn | |
| Flu | 32 | 256 | 512 | 64 | 128 | 0.06 | 128 | 0.5 | 2048 | 2.5/Ind | 0.31/Syn | |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Ca16 | AmB | 32 | 16 | 256 | 64 | 64 | 1 | 128 | 0.5 | 32 | 6/Ant | 0.58/Add |
| Nys | 64 | 16 | 256 | 32 | 32 | 1 | 64 | 2 | 64 | 2.5/Ind | 0.26/Syn | |
| Clo | 16 | 16 | 256 | 8 | 32 | 8 | 64 | 2 | 2 | 2.5/Ind | 0.75/Ind | |
| Flu | 8 | 16 | 256 | 4 | 8 | 0.125 | 64 | 2 | 64 | 1/Add | 0.37/Syn | |
MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; Cur: curcumin; Pip: piperine; ATF: antifungals; ATF/Cur: a combination of antifungal with curcumin; ATF/Pip: a combination of antifungals with piperine; FICI: fractional inhibitory concentration index; INT: interpretation; Syn: synergy, Add: additivity; Ind: indifference; Ant: antagonism; C.a: C. albicans isolate; ATCC 9002: American Type Culture Collection strain. AMB: amphotericin B; NYS: nystatin, CLO: clotrimazole; FLU: fluconazole.