Figure 1.

Causes and consequences of cellular senescence. Cellular senescence is a complex process triggered by a myriad of pro-senescent stimuli related to ageing, such as radiation, oxidative stress, mutagens, DNA damage, cytokines, telomere erosion, among others. SIPS and RS are the two main forms of cellular senescence and result in accumulation of senescent cells. This occurs in ageing and neurodegeneration and leads to cell cycle arrest, SASP, macromolecular damage, and deregulated metabolism, which may ultimately contribute to organ and tissue decline. SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype; RS, replicative senescence; SIPS, stress-induced premature senescence.