Table 3.
Practice of diabetic foot self-care
| Aspects | Item assessed | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Foot care | Wash feet every day | (17, 19–21, 23–26, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 41) |
| Check on water temperature for washing feet (using the lukewarm water) | (13, 19, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 34, 35, 37) | |
| Dry well toes and in between | (13, 15, 17–20, 23, 24, 26, 29, 32, 35) | |
| Use moisturising cream/lotion | (13, 18, 23, 24, 26, 29, 33–35, 41) | |
| Gently filling calluses or removing callus | (13, 19, 20) | |
| Foot inspection | Examine feet every day | (13, 15, 17–21, 23–25, 28, 29, 32–35, 37, 41) |
| Using special mirror | (13) | |
| Nail care | Cutting nail | (13, 17, 19–21, 23, 26, 28, 29, 31, 35, 37) |
| Trimming nail | (13, 15, 25, 29, 32, 35) | |
| Footwear | Type of shoes | (17, 18, 24, 29, 33) |
| Type of socks | (17, 24, 29) | |
| Washing and changing socks | (20, 21, 24) | |
| Wear socks | (13, 18, 23, 26, 32, 35, 37) | |
| Foot ulcer prevention | Never walk bare foot or always using footwear | (13, 17–21, 23, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 41) |
| Never sit crossing leg and standing longer time | (19, 32, 34) | |
| Check the shoes and socks for foreign objects or torn lining | (13, 18–21, 29, 35, 37) | |
| Use antiseptics or medication | (19, 20, 24, 29, 32) | |
| Avoiding hot bottle/objects on feet | (17, 24, 26, 29, 32) | |
| First aid of fall and injury | (26, 33, 34) | |
| Choosing the right footwear | (19–21, 25, 26, 32, 34, 35, 37, 41) | |
| Visit doctor when the problem was met | (19, 15, 26, 41) | |
| Taking anti-DM regularly | (15, 20) | |
| Avoid smoking | (32) |