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. 2024 Feb 28;627(8002):149–156. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07132-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Top row, example confocal z-stack reconstructions of D54D2 (monoclonal β-amyloid antibody) signal from frontal cortex of 6-month-old 5XFAD mice with stimulations at indicated frequency or no stimulation (No stim). Bottom row, amyloid signals based on dense-core and non-core regions. Scale bars, 20 μm. b, Quantification of D54D2 signal intensity in experiments represented in a (n = 10 (no stimulation), 5 (8 Hz), 8 (40 Hz) and 4 (80Hz) 6-month-old 5XFAD mice; P values by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test). a.u., arbitrary units; NS, not significant. c, Maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks for cisterna magna-infused CSF tracer (OVA-647) imaged in frontal cortex. The dotted line shows cortical surface. Scale bars, 100 μm. d, Quantification of cisterna magna-infused OVA-647 from c (n = 4 6-month-old 5XFAD mice per condition; P values by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test). e, Example confocal z-stack projections of D54D2 in frontal cortex of 6-month-old 5XFAD mice. Scale bars, 100 μm. f, Quantification of amyloid signal intensity in frontal cortex (n = 5 (no stimulation), 7 (40 Hz), 4 (no stimulation + TGN020) and 6 (40 Hz + TGN020) 6-month-old 5XFAD mice; P values by two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) test). g, Top row, example coronal section showing signal from Hoechst (blue), adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting Aqp4 (AAV-eGFP-shAqp4) or lacZ (AAV-eGFP-shLacZ) and D54D2. Bottom row, example confocal z-stack maximum intensity projection of D54D2 signal. Scale bars: 1,000 μm (top), 100 μm (bottom). h, Quantification of D54D2 signal intensity from experiments represented in g (n = 6 (no stimulation), 7 (no stimulation + shLacZ), 7 (40 Hz + shLacZ) and 7 (40 Hz + shAqp4); P values by two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD test; data are mean ± s.e.m.).

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