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. 2024 Mar 6;15:2055. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-46287-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) pattern of Tb³⁺-doped Na₅Lu₉F₃₂ anchored halloysite nanotubes (HNTs@Na₅Lu₉F₃₂:Tb³⁺). b Si 2p region. c Al 2p region. d C 1 s region. e Na 1 s region. f F 1 s region. g Lu 4d5 region. h Tb 3d region. i X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern of halloysite, HNTs@Na₅Lu₉F₃₂:Tb³⁺, and standards. j Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of HNTs@Na₅Lu₉F₃₂:Tb³⁺ (bar: 200 nm). k TEM image of HNTs@Na₅Lu₉F₃₂:Tb³⁺ (bar: 50 nm). l High resolution TEM image of HNTs@Na₅Lu₉F₃₂:Tb³⁺ (bar: 10 nm). m–r Elemental mapping analysis of HNTs@Na₅Lu₉F₃₂:Tb³⁺ (m Al. n Lu. o F. p Na. q Tb. r Si; bar: 100 nm). Source data in a-i are provided as Source Data files.