FIGURE 5.

Antibacteriological diagram of the titanium base material surface doped with Ag⁺. ① Interaction with the cell wall: Ag⁺ disrupts the bacterial cell wall, leading to cytoplasmic efflux and ultimately causing bacterial death. ② Electric field adsorption: Ag⁺ accumulates on the surface of the cell membrane, affecting the membrane permeability of bacteria and simultaneously disrupting the electronic transport and material transport systems of bacteria. ③ Interaction with DNA: Ag⁺ generates reactive oxygen radicals (ROS), binds with DNA, replaces hydrogen in the double helix structure of the DNA molecule, causing deformation of the bacterial DNA molecular structure. This inhibits the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins, leading to bacterial inactivation. ④ Interaction with enzymes or proteins: Ag⁺ combines with bacterial groups, such as -SH, causing protein coagulation, disrupting the activity of cell synthesis enzymes, and preventing cell division and proliferation, ultimately leading to bacterial death. ⑤ Catalytic effect: Ag⁺ activates surrounding oxygen, producing hydroxyl radicals (-OH) and reactive oxygen ions (O^2-), exerting a strong redox effect to hinder microbial cell proliferation and inhibit or kill bacteria.