FIGURE 6.

Schematic diagram illustrating anti-inflammation with Zn²⁺ on the surface of the titanium base material. Zn²⁺ interacts with macrophages, induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), etc., leading to polarization into M1 macrophages. These M1 macrophages contribute to bacterial and viral elimination, activating immunity. Furthermore, Zn²⁺ interacts with macrophages, induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-13 (IL-13), Interleukin-4 (IL-10), glucocorticoid, and other factors, ultimately transforming into M2 macrophages. These M2 macrophages play a role in angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, wound healing, and immunosuppression.