Table 3.
Associations between Structural Sexism and Preventive Health Care Use among Women, Odds Ratios
| Visited a doctor in past year | Has a personal doctor | Flu shot in past year | Ever had a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy | Ever tested for HIV | Visited dentist in past year | Ever had a mammogram | Ever had a pap test | Ever had HPV test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||||
| Structural sexism | 0.99 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 0.94* | 0.82*** | 1.02 | 0.95** | 0.94* | 0.87*** |
| Age | 1.03*** | 1.04*** | 1.03*** | 1.05*** | 0.96*** | 1.01*** | 1.14*** | 1.05*** | 0.96*** |
| Race (ref: White) | |||||||||
| Black | 2.06*** | 1.15*** | 0.81*** | 1.27*** | 2.49*** | 0.97 | 1.52*** | 0.96 | 1.38*** |
| AIAN | 1.31*** | 0.54*** | 0.99 | 0.76*** | 1.75*** | 1.08 | 1.22** | 0.72*** | 1.45*** |
| Asian | 1.14** | 0.78*** | 1.37*** | 0.66*** | 0.43*** | 0.98 | 0.79*** | 0.17*** | 0.38*** |
| NHPI | 1.17 | 0.76* | 0.94 | 0.60*** | 0.73** | 0.80* | 1.30* | 0.47*** | 0.78* |
| Other race | 0.93 | 0.77** | 0.85* | 0.85 | 1.46*** | 0.97 | 1.07 | 0.51*** | 1.19* |
| Multiracial | 1.05 | 0.89* | 0.89** | 0.97 | 1.65*** | 0.79*** | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.30*** |
| Hispanic | 1.40*** | 0.80*** | 1.13*** | 0.93 | 1.07** | 1.32*** | 1.33*** | 0.73*** | 1.00 |
| Education (ref: <HS) | |||||||||
| High school degree | 1.03 | 1.28*** | 0.87*** | 1.27*** | 0.92** | 1.37*** | 1.18*** | 1.28*** | 1.03 |
| Some college | 1.01 | 1.38*** | 0.96 | 1.56*** | 1.37*** | 1.63*** | 1.25*** | 1.94*** | 1.35*** |
| College degree | 0.99 | 1.36*** | 1.28*** | 1.84*** | 1.57*** | 2.34*** | 1.23*** | 3.47*** | 1.62*** |
| Married/in a couple | 0.98 | 1.11*** | 0.95*** | 1.20*** | 0.81*** | 1.02 | 1.10*** | 2.43*** | 1.06*** |
| Income | 1.00*** | 1.00*** | 1.00*** | 1.00*** | 1.00 | 1.00*** | 1.00*** | 1.00*** | 1.00*** |
| Insurance | 3.67*** | 4.39*** | 2.21*** | 2.42*** | 0.98 | 1.94*** | 1.36*** | 1.11** | 1.16*** |
| Parent | 0.90*** | 1.12*** | 1.01 | 0.67*** | 1.73*** | 0.93*** | 0.85*** | 2.42*** | 1.69*** |
| Self-rated health | 0.84*** | 0.85*** | 0.95*** | 0.89*** | 0.82*** | 1.28*** | 0.92*** | 0.94*** | 0.97*** |
| Intercept | 0.67 | 1.02 | 0.24** | 0.10*** | 1.08 | 0.16*** | 0.004*** | 1.07 | 4.83*** |
| Level 2 variance (SE) | 0.04*** (0.01) | 0.08*** (0.02) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.02*** (0.01) | 0.04*** (0.01) | 0.01*** (0.002) | 0.01*** (0.003) | 0.02*** (0.01) | 0.02*** (0.01) |
| N | 181713 | 182582 | 178178 | 115012 | 168197 | 182082 | 176741 | 176040 | 131406 |
*
all models control for state-level measures of poverty rate, Gini coefficient, racial composition, and southern region
***
p<0.001
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05