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. 2024 Mar 6;7:276. doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-05924-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Schematic created with BioRender.com b Percentage tumour engraftment rate for non-targeting (NT) sgRNA control and St3gal1^-/-TRAMP-C2 cells. N = 16 mice/group. c Tumour growth curves for NT and St3gal1^-/- TRAMP-C2 allografts. d Representative images of NT and St3gal1^-/- TRAMP-C2 spheroid formation in vitro. Images were taken of 9 spheroids per group and quantified. Scale bar = 200 µm. e Protein expression of ST3GAL1 in empty vector (EV) and ST3GAL1 overexpression (OE) lentiviral transduced CWR22Rv1 cells. Levels quantified by ELISA. N = 3 biologically independent samples. f Quantification of α2-3-sialylation in CWR22Rv1 EV and ST3GAL1 OE cells using the MAL-II by flow cytometry. Representative histogram of N = 3 biologically independent samples and bar chart of median fluorescent intensities. g Cellular proliferation of EV and ST3GAL1 overexpression lentiviral transduced CWR22Rv1 cells quantified by WST1 assay. Absorbance was read at 450 nm and normalised to background absorbance. N = 6 biologically independent samples. h Colony forming ability of EV and ST3GAL1 overexpression lentiviral transduced CWR22Rv1 cells measured using a colony forming assay. Graph shows the number of colonies formed. N = 3 biologically independent samples. i Protein expression of ST3GAL1 in EV and shST3Gal1 knockdown lentiviral transduced LNCaP cells. Levels quantified by ELISA. N = 3 biologically independent samples. j Quantification of α2-3-sialylation in LNCaP EV and shST3GAL1 cells using the MAL-II by flow cytometry. Representative histogram of N = 3 biologically independent samples and bar chart of median fluorescent intensities. k Cellular proliferation of EV and shST3GAL1 lentiviral transduced LNCaP cells quantified by WST-1 assay. Absorbance was read at 450 nm and normalised to background absorbance. N = 6 biologically independent samples. l Colony-forming ability of EV and shST3GAL1 lentiviral transduced LNCaP cells measured using a colony-forming assay. Graph shows number of colonies formed. N = 3 biologically independent samples. Significance tested using two-way t-tests. Statistical significance is shown as * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001. Error bars show standard error of the mean.