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. 2023 May 1;57:197–212. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.04.017

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

SFG and KE exert antibacterial effects through the disruption on cell membrane. (A) Bacterial morphology affected by SFG or KE in the control group and treatment group. (B) Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis of the interaction between POPG and SFG. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated, including equilibrium dissociation constant (KD = 6.68 × 10−5 mol•L−1), number of binding sites (N = 0.474), molar binding enthalpy (ΔH =  − 0.411 kcal•mol−1). (C) Increased membrane permeability after treatment of SFG or KE at 1/2–4 MIC. (D) The fluidity of the cell membrane was decreased after treatment with SFG or KE. (E, F) The exogenous addition of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and cardiolipin (CL) abolished the antibacterial activity of SFG (E) or KE (F) against MRSA. The concentrations of phospholipids are in the range of 1 to 64 µg mL−1. (G) The membrane potential of MRSA after treatment with SFG or KE. (H) The effect of SFG or KE on the ROS accumulation in MRSA. Values are presented as Mean ± SD. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. control (Con) group.